Where to Find Online College Paper Writers

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Lifespan Personality Development Paper - 1587 Words

Lifespan Development and Personality Jorge Delgadillo PSY/300 February 13, 2014 Professor Melanie Afshar There are many debates regarding nature vs. nurture starting with Plato and John Locke. Some such as Plato believe behavior and personality traits stem from ones genetics which are inherited from parents. Others such as John Locke believe one is born with a â€Å"blank slate† which means ones behavior and personality develops based on ones environment. Through examining the life of Justin Beiber, many influences of nature vs. nurture can be found; in addition the behaviorism theory can be applied to his life. Justin Beiber was fortunate enough to have the opportunity of being famous. For him it was not so much being at†¦show more content†¦Being famous is not as easy as people may think surprisingly it outs a lot of stress on an individual. Beiber needed to maintain his image or keep up with what is new and exciting. Since he began as a young star growing up and being an adult was going to be a hard image to develop. He began hanging out with the wrong crowd trying to change his once baby image to a mature young adult. This is when the trouble began for him and since there were no negative punishments the bad behavior was continuing. This displays a type of behaviorism called operant conditioning. Operant conditioning theory is when a behavior is reinforced and becomes extinct using positive reinforcements (rewards) or negative reinforcement (punishment). As a star getting and doing whatever one wants is normal. If a star is to do something bad, they wouldn’t get a negative punishment but they would get more publicity which leads to more fame and money. In Beiber’s case, all the negative behavior he has been displaying over the past year has had no punishment but instead has made him more famous. His fans are supporting him even more trying to justify his negative behavior as if to show dissonance for another person’s behavior. Even driving under the influence and being arrested has had no negative punishment just because of his fame and money. Not only has this been seen in Beiber, but instead all young stars growing up in the limelight from Britney SpearsShow MoreRelatedLifespan Development and Personality Paper1456 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: L IFESPAN DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY PAPER Lifespan Development and Personality Paper Jocelyn F. Oatman University of Phoenix Introduction to Psychology PSY 103 Michelle Williams October 22, 2008 Lifespan Development and Personality Paper Development does not end with adolescence. Adults, too, go through modifications and experience physical, cognitive, and social changes. Adulthood has been suggested that emerges as early as 18, but for our purposes, adulthood canRead MoreLifespan Development and Personality Paper1065 Words   |  5 PagesLifespan Development and Personality Paper There are many factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development in an adolescent. Adolescence, as defined in the Webster dictionary, is the transition period from childhood to adulthood. It is a period that can bring various and drastic physical, social, and emotional changes. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty and extends to adulthood. This usually occurs during the ages between twelve and twentyRead MoreLifespan Development and Personality Paper1469 Words   |  6 PagesFrom ages 6-11 you are considered early middle childhood. Around these ages you start changing your physical development by growing about 2 to 3 inches in height and 5 pounds in weight each year. A female body will mature quicker than the male body. Girls are slightly lighter and shorter than boys at ages 6-8, and then at age 9 it gets reversed. Around the middle childhood age the lower portion of the body is growing fastest, children appear to look long-legged . Girls end up having slightly moreRead MoreLifespan Development1516 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Development and Personality Luis Cervantes PSY/103 January 11, 2016 Susanne Nishino Lifespan Development and Personality Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growthRead MoreDevelopmental Stages Of Child Development1146 Words   |  5 PagesEvery child is different, and so is every parent s experience; but experts have gained a clear idea about the range of normal development from birth to the time of a person’s death. Although most child development experiences are not going to be the same due to the differentiation between culture and genetics, there are developmental milestones every child should experience within a certain range of age. Some of the most apparent factors of a child’s developmental stages are genetics, parentingRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory And Psychosocial Development1561 Words   |  7 Pagesto know what we know now. There are many theories in the field of psychology or educational psychology that are important to further understand human behavior. However, this paper will focus on only two theories which are; Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Alfred Adler’s Adlerian theory. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development has always been a great contribution to the field of psychology by Erik Erikson (Berk, 2007). Erikson suggested that everyone experiences a series of psychosocial stages insteadRead MoreDevelopmental History Case Study Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesPart of life-span development research involves analyzing major concepts distinct features and developmental changes associated with everything from gender identification to changes in moral and emotional development. This paper will discuss the risks and developmental complications associated with each section of the development history and how deficits in each area may result or evolve into specific disorders and medical diseases later in development. Also, examination of long-term consequencesRead MoreDiscovering Psychology1356 Words   |  6 Pagesrights reserved. Course Description This course overviews the foundations of psychology as the field applies to everyday life. The physical and mental aspects of psychology are traced through lifespan development with emphasis on psychological health and wellness. Further study focuses on personality; thinking, learning and memory; motivation and emotions; and gender and sexuality. Based in various historical traditions, the course is set in the context of contemporary psychological principlesRead MoreThe Personality Theories Of Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler999 Words   |  4 PagesThe content of this paper is to describe and critique the personality theories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Within this paper, the background of the theorist will be discussed along with personality theories. This paper will also provide description some of the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gender and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own familyRead MorePsy 300 Complete Course Material a+Work Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology Paper PSY 300 Week 2 DQs PSY 300 Week 2 DQ 1 How do classical conditioning procedures differ from operant conditioning procedures? How are they similar? In your opinion, which learning process is more effective? Why? PSY 300 Week 2 DQ 2 How do we see observational learning used in the workplace? How do we see observational learning being used in our everyday life? Is observational learning effective? Why or why not? PSY 300 Week 2 Individual Phobias and Addictions Paper PSY 300 Week

Language Focus The Vocabulary Shift free essay sample

A distinctive feature of academic writing style Is choosing the more formal alternative when selecting a verb, noun, or other part of speech. Verbs English often has two (or more) choices to express an action or occurrence. The choice Is often between a phrasal or prepositional verb (verb + preposition) and a single verb, the latter with Latinate origins. Often In lectures and other Instances of everyday spoken English, the verb + preposition is used; however, for written academic style, the preferred choice is a single verb wherever possible.This is one f the most dramatic stylistic shifts from informal to formal style. Researchers looked at the way strain builds up around a fault. (less formal style) Researchers observed the way strain accumulates around a fault. (academic style) Choose a verb from the list that reduces the informality of each sentence. Note that you may need to add tense to the verb from the list. We will write a custom essay sample on Language Focus: The Vocabulary Shift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Assist reduce create Investigate raise establish determine fluctuate Increase eliminate 1. Expert Systems can help out the user In the diagnosis of problems. . This program was set up to Improve access to medical care. 3. Research expenditures eave gone up to nearly $350 million. 4. The use of optical character readers (Occurs) should cut down the number of problems with the U. S. Mail service. 5. Researchers have found out that this drug has serious side effects. 6. Building a nuclear power plant will not get rid of the energy problem completely. 7. Researchers have been looking into this problem for 15 years now. 8. This issue was brought up during the investigation. 9.Engineers can come up with better designs using CAD. 10. The emission levels have been going up and down. Reduce the informality of each sentence by substituting a single verb for the one in italics. . The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (JIM) has brought about some serious problems. 2. The process should be done over until the desired results are achieved. 3. Plans are being made to come up with a database containing detailed environmental information for the region. 4. Subtle changes in the earths crust were picked up by these new devices. . Proposals to construct new nuclear reactors have met with great resistance from environmentalists. Nouns and Other Parts of Speech English has a very rich vocabulary derived from many languages. Because of this, there may be more than one way to express an Idea. You should strive to choose words that are less Informal In nature and also precise. In lectures, you will Likely heartless formal speech; however, in writing you should use a more formal form if one exists. Which of the underlined words would be more suitable for an solving environmental problems. 2.We got I obtained encouraging results. 3. The results off lot of I numerous different projects have been pretty good I encouraging. 4. A loss of Jobs is one of the things that will happen I consequences if the process is automated. Supply a more academic word or phrase for the one underlined in each sentence. 5. The reaction of the officials as sort of negative. 6. The economic outlook is mighty nice. 7. The future of Federal funding is up in the air. 8. Americas major automakers are planning to get together on the research needed for more fuel efficient cars.

The Eyes Of The Dragon (2124 words) Essay Example For Students

The Eyes Of The Dragon (2124 words) Essay The Eyes Of The DragonThe theme of the book, The Eyes of the Dragon, by Stephen King, is to stick to ones beliefs no matter what happens and always do what one knows is right. Dont give up on oneself; anything is possible. King Roland was the noble king of Delain. He was known as Roland the Good. He was, by far, not a bad king, though he was really not a great king. He meant no harm and was successful, but whenever he meant to do great things, he seemed to be unsuccessful. Roland, king of Delain, had two sons and had done his best to raise them without a wife. Peter, the oldest, was much like his father. He was successful at avoiding harm of the kingdom. In addition, he seemed to be more successful at the great things he attempted. Even as a little boy, Peter was loved by the kingdom, and many were looking forward to his reign as king. When Peter was merely a boy, he stood up against grown men for what he believed in. This was why the kingdom loved and appreciated him. In one instance, Peter was passing through the stableyard when he saw a lame horse about to be killed. Peter commanded Yosef, the palace fixture, to stop. After arguing, Peter managed to convince Yosef to give Peter one hour to find a veterinarian. Peter was to prove to Yosef that this horse would not die if taken care of. Just short of an hour later, Peter and the veterinarian returned. The veterinarian listened closely and agreed with Peter. The horse would never be a working horse aga in, but it would certainly make a great pet for Peter. This was only the beginning of Peters wisdom and only a hint of the respect he would soon earn. We will write a custom essay on The Eyes Of The Dragon (2124 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thomas was a little different. He was very quiet, so no one was really sure of him. He did mysterious things. The citizens of Delain were glad Thomas was the younger son, for no one wanted Thomas as king. Anyone who attempted to, could befriend Thomas and earn his complete reliance. This great weakness caused the downfall of Delain. Roland had become dependent on his magician, Flagg. Roland was a good man, but he wasnt clever. It was not known, but Flagg had come and gone many times through out the years. He had come and gone with one uncompleted goal. It was fortunate for Delain that Flagg tended to be unsuccessful with his plans. Roland the Good was getting old, and it was widely known that he would soon be leaving the crown to Peter. Disappointing news as it was, many strongly believed Peter was going to do great things throughout his reign. Peter soon grew up, and though he knew what was coming to him upon his fathers death, Peter still wished his father many years to come. It had become tradition for Peter to take two glasses of wince to his fathers room before retiring. Each man, glass in hand, sat together simply enjoying the company. This, among other things, made Thomas unhappy and extremely jealous. Thomas believed that he had no family to love. He had taken the blame for his mothers death and believed his father and brother had also placed the blame on him. It was probably because of this that Thomas had no friends, no confidence, and barely a will to live. Flagg, the brilliant magician that he was, used Thomas weakness to his advantage. Flagg had attempted many times to destroy Delain. He waited year after year and finally his chance arose. He hadnt completely worked out the details, but he knew things would work out for him. Thomas and Flagg became quite close. Flagg knew he would finally complete his lifes work, and Thomas would put his entire soul into getting what he had always wanted, a friend. Thomas confided his every though with Flagg, and Flagg showed great sincerity. Flagg knew all the secrets of the castle because of his coming and going throughout the centuries. Through the eyes of Niner, a dragon Roland had killed, there were peeping holes. Through a back hallway, one could find the hidden passage way that led to the peep holes. Flagg told Thomas of this, and it had meant a lot to Thomas. This was to become Flaggs big mistake. .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 , .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .postImageUrl , .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 , .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:hover , .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:visited , .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:active { border:0!important; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:active , .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9 .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc257f021b5bd8501f22e5c09814c1fe9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary of Behavioral Genetics EssayOne day, an ingenious plan came to Flagg. The magician used a special poison he had saved for centuries just for the occasion. This poison was no ordinary poison. It would burn a person from the inside out after simply inhaling it. While working with the poison, Flagg wore gloves and used tweezers. After going to the window to take a breath, Flagg would work for a few minutes, and take careful measures not to breathe in the fumes. In a glass, he took a small amount of poison and mixed it with Rolands favorite wine. Taking a bit more, Flagg opened up a cage and fed it to a mouse to observe the suffering. The remaining poison was placed in a little wooden box stolen from Peter years ago. The box had been a present from Peters mother with his name engraved in the top. Flagg, knowing of Peters nightly tradition, went to Rolands bed chamber with the glass of wine to do away with his king. Flagg waited until he was sure Peter had left and no one would see him enter. Since visitors were becoming few and far between in his old age, Roland was glad to see him. After drinking their wine, both men agreed to retire for the night. Though he knew it was for the better, Flagg wished he hadnt had to leave what was to become a night remember. Flagg left that night thinking he would be the last to see Roland alive. He was wrong because someone else would see the suffering Flagg had inflicted. Someone else would be the last pers on to see Roland alive. Flaggs big mistake had caught up with him; Thomas had witnessed everything. Thomas had seen it all through the eyes of Niner. The next day, servants reported Rolands death. It was also a servant who found Peters long wooden box. If circumstances had been different, Peter wouldve been overjoyed to see the memorable gift. Unfortunately, Peter was devastated to hear that the poison used to kill his father had been found in that box. Peter was arrested, tried, and sent to the Needle for life. Since Peter was royalty, he wouldnt be sentenced to death but instead sentenced to live the rest of his life atop the tower through cold, heat, and loneliness. If Peter had been Thomas or any other man, he wouldve given up and died soon enough. Peter always had hope, and searched constantly for a way to escape. It didnt take Peter long to earn the respect of the disgusting gentlemen in charge of him. Eventually, they would bring him almost anything he desired, for a price. Peter had no money; therefore, he tried his luck with an old friend. He had a letter delivered to Penya, and he agreed to help in any way possible. Peny a, after receiving Peters letter, chose to believe in Peters innocence. He vowed to do everything in his power to free Peter. To keep Peters newly earned privilege, he used it sparingly. He asked for his mothers dollhouse and a napkin with each meal. As no one wouldve guess, Peter had a plan already in effect. From each napkin, Peter pulled five strands of fabric. This may seem like very little, but it began to add up. Using the working loom in his mothers dollhouse, he began making a rope. Things in Delain had become awful for the villagers. With Flagg ruling through Thomas, taxes had been raised, bankers had to become more strict with mortgages, and a great fear fell over the land. Because of this, many people began to leave their homes, farms, and lifes work to hide in the forest. Penya was included in the move. The forest provided a safe place of refuge and the grounds to plan for a revolt. In this newly formed community, the majority had decided that Peter was to be somehow rescued. This would be their next move. Upon his escape, they were to make their own decision concerning his guilt. (Though many already believed firmly in his innocence, there would still be a vote.)The trip was already a difficult one, but to make matters worse, it was midwinter. Means of travel were simply by foot, unless one was fortunate enough to have a team of dogs and a sled. Penya had sent two people, Ben and Naomi, to go to try to rescue Peter. The two travelers were fortunate enough t o have Naomis sled team. This cut the long trip down to a day and a half. Once inside the village, there was no plan, but the two were determined. It was difficult to sneak into the kingdom and even trickier to get into the village square where the Needle was located. .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e , .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .postImageUrl , .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e , .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:hover , .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:visited , .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:active { border:0!important; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:active , .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3d6c4c5d57861941682ad124f7fd449e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gerald Croft Essay ThesisPeter must have had the same type of feeling flowing that night as the rescue team did because he was preparing for his escape just as Naomi and Ben arrived. It wouldve worked out perfectly if Flagg hadnt been watching from his crystal ball. Flagg had gone to the Needle to stop Peters escape. Peter began preparing his rope as Flagg began climbing the three hundred stairs to the top. Peter was half way down the rope when Flagg reached the top, but Flagg watched the rope break. When Peter was about one hundred feet above the ground, his hands froze and he couldnt move. He had lost feeling in his hands and moving would risk a fall. The rope was only m ade of napkin cotton and broke, just as Flagg had imagined. Peter fell and thought he had less of a second to live, but his friends were truly great. Not only did they risk their lives through the cold to get there, risk their heads for helping a criminal escape, and wait for Peter at the bottom of the needle, but they had also made him a huge bed of napkins in case of his fall. Each gave a different estimate at the size of the pile, but it was said to be twenty feet high. Peter landed squarely in the middle of the napkin and wasnt quite sure if he was alive. His friends ecstatically rushed to him, knowing they had little time to make an escape. There were tired guards just now arriving. This would be a big problem to most, but not Peter. With almost all the courage he had left, he simply told the guards that he was king, and he didnt kill his father. The let him pass. After spending all that time in the Needle, Peter had uncovered the truth about Flagg. On the way to the castle, Peter explained to his friends how Flagg had been trying to destroy Delain for centuries and he explained his plan. Peter had to reach his fathers bow and arrow used to kill Niner, because it was the only idea he had to destroy Flagg. The heroic trio reached Rolands chambers and the bow and arrow were gone. Flagg, who had been fresh on their trail the entire way, reached the chamber almost immediately after them and was pounding on the door. Ben and Naomi had their weapons drawn and ready, though Peter knew these wouldnt stand a chance against the wizard. Flagg was never one to rush into things and make hasty decisions, so once inside the door, they all talked. Flagg expressed his guilt for the murder of Roland, vowing to kill all he had just confessed to. Peter told Flagg he would never get away with it, and Flaggs reply was simply a smile. After a few moments of silence, Flagg told them that no one had seen him enter Rolands room that night, only Peter was seen entering the room. At this, Thomas, who had been hiding in the shadows, spoke up. Thomas told everyone that he had been watching that night through the eyes of Niner and with his father bow, show Flagg in the left eye. After being hit, Flagg disappeared. This was quite an ending to quite a book. Most of the villagers had believed strongly in Peter, but gave up on him too quickly when accused. Three characters persuade the truth and did what they knew was right. It was because of them, this book had a happy ending. Book Reports

Invention and Development of the Steam Engine

Invention and Development of the Steam Engine Steam engines are mechanisms that use heat to create steam, which in turn performs mechanical processes, known generally as  work.  While several inventors and innovators worked on various aspects of using steam for power, the major development of early steam engines involves three inventors and three principal engine designs.   Thomas Savery and the First Steam Pump The first steam engine used for work was patented by the Englishman Thomas Savery in 1698 and was used to pump water out of mine shafts. The basic process involved a cylinder that was filled with water. Steam was then delivered to the cylinder, displacing the water, which flowed out through a one-way valve. Once all of the water was ejected, the cylinder was sprayed with cool water to drop the cylinders temperature and condense the steam inside. This created a vacuum inside the cylinder, which then pulled up additional water to refill the cylinder, completing the pump cycle.   Thomas Newcomens Piston Pump Another Englishman,  Thomas Newcomen, improved on Slaverys pump with a design he developed around 1712. Newcomens engine included a piston inside of a cylinder. The top of the piston was connected to one end of a pivoting beam. A pump mechanism was connected to the other end of the beam so that water was drawn up whenever the beam tilted up on the pump end. To propel the pump, steam was delivered to the piston cylinder. At the same time, a counterweight pulled the beam down on the pump end, which made the piston rise to the top of the steam cylinder. Once the cylinder was full of steam, cool water was sprayed inside the cylinder, quickly condensing the steam and creating a vacuum inside the cylinder. This caused the piston to drop, moving the beam down on the piston end and up on the pump end. The cycle then repeated automatically as long as steam was applied to the cylinder.   Newcomens piston design effectively created a separation between the water being pumped out and the cylinder used to create the pumping power. This greatly improved  on the efficiency of Slaverys original design. However, because Saverys held a broad patent on his own steam pump, Newcomen had to collaborate with Savery to patent the piston pump.   James Watts Improvements Scotsman James Watt  significantly improved and developed the steam engine over the second half of the 18th century, making it a truly viable piece of machinery that helped start the Industrial Revolution. The first major innovation of Watts was to include a separate condenser so that the steam didnt have to be cooled in the same cylinder that contained the piston. This meant the piston cylinder remained at a much more consistent temperature, greatly increasing the fuel efficiency of the engine. Watt also developed an engine that could rotate a shaft, rather than an up-and-down pumping action, as well as a flywheel that allowed for smooth power transfer between the engine and the workload. With these and other innovations, the steam engine became applicable to a variety of factory processes, and Watt and his business partner, Matthew Boulton, built several hundred engines for industrial use.   Later Steam Engines The early 19th century saw major innovation of high-pressure steam engines, which were much more efficient than the low-pressure designs of Watts and the others steam-engine pioneers. This led to the development of much smaller, more powerful steam engines that could be used to power trains and boats and to perform a wider range of industrial tasks, such as running saws in mills. Two important innovators of these engines were American Oliver Evans and Englishman Richard Trevithick. Over time, steam engines were replaced by the internal combustion engine for most types of locomotion and industrial work, but the use of steam generators to create electricity remains an important part of electrical power production today.

FBI Warning Regarding Phishing, Spoofing and ID Theft

FBI Warning Regarding Phishing, Spoofing and ID Theft The FBI,  the  Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and Internet service provider Earthlink have jointly issued a warning on how the growing ranks of Internet crooks are using new tricks called phishing and spoofing to steal your identity. In an FBI press release, Assistant Director of the agencys Cyber Division, Jana Monroe says, Bogus e-mails that try to trick customers into giving out personal information are the hottest, and most troubling, new scam on the Internet. The FBIs Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IFCC) has seen a steady increase in complaints that involve some form of unsolicited e-mail directing consumers to a phony Customer Service type of web site. Assistant Director Monroe said that the scam is contributing to a rise in identity theft, credit card fraud, and other Internet frauds. How to Recognize Attack Email Spoofing, or phishing, frauds attempt to make Internet users believe that they are receiving e-mail from a specific, trusted source, or that they are securely connected to a trusted web site when that is not the case. Spoofing is generally used as a means to convince individuals to provide personal or financial information that enables the perpetrators to commit credit card/bank fraud or other forms of identity theft. In E-mail spoofing the header of an e-mail appears to have originated from someone or somewhere other than the actual source. Spam distributors and criminals often use spoofing in an attempt to get recipients to open and possibly even respond to their solicitations. IP Spoofing is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the intruder sends a message to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted source. Link alteration involves altering the return address in a web page sent to a consumer to make it go to the hackers site rather than the legitimate site. This is accomplished by adding the hackers address before the actual address in any e-mail, or page that has a request going back to the original site. If an individual unsuspectingly receives a spoofed e-mail requesting him/her to click here to update their account information, and then are redirected to a site that looks exactly like their Internet Service Provider, or a commercial site like ​eBay or PayPal, there is an increasing chance that the individual will follow through in submitting their personal and/or credit information. FBI Offers Tips on How to Protect Yourself If you encounter an unsolicited e-mail that asks you, either directly, or through a web site, for personal financial or identity information, such as Social Security number, passwords, or other identifiers, exercise extreme caution.If you need to update your information online, use the normal process youve used before, or open a new browser window and type in the website address of the legitimate companys account maintenance page.If a website address is unfamiliar, its probably not real. Only use the address that you have used before, or start at your normal homepage.Always report fraudulent or suspicious e-mail to your internet service provider.Most companies require you to log in to a secure site. Look for the lock at the bottom of your browser and https in front of the website address.Take note of the header address on the web site. Most legitimate sites will have a relatively short internet address that usually depicts the business name followed by .com, or possibly .org. Spoof s ites are more likely to have an excessively long strong of characters in the header, with the legitimate business name somewhere in the string, or possibly not at all. If you have any doubts about an e-mail or website, contact the legitimate company directly. Make a copy of the questionable web sites URL address, send it to the legitimate business and ask if the request is legitimate.If youve been victimized, you should contact your local police or sheriffs department, and file a complaint with the FBIs Internet Fraud Complaint Center..

Freud The early Twentith Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freud The early Twentith Century - Essay Example Dora's father had been a patient of Freud's and recommended that she seek treatment from him after discovering a suicidal note on or in her writing-desk (Freud's account is equivocal on this particular). Though her father did not suspect that she would harm herself, he was "none the less very much shaken" (Freud 17) and sought help for his obviously ailing daughter. Dora's symptoms included a host of somatic and mental affects such as dyspnoea (difficulty breathing or hysterical choking), aphonia (loss of voice), hysterical unsociability, and depression. All of these symptoms Freud would trace back to the repression of Dora's sexuality. The willful repression of the sexual urges Dora felt for the adults around her (including her father, her father's mistress Frau K., and her husband Herr K.), Freud concludes, is responsible for all of her hysterical symptoms and, using the interpretative techniques developed in The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud attempts to show that Dora's denial o f these conclusions is a resistance to her own natural inclinations. In other words, Dora represses her true desires and this repression is the source of her hysterical symptoms. "Whereas the practical aim of the treatment is to remove all possible symptoms and to replace them by conscious thoughts," Freud writes, "we may regard it as a second and theoretical aim to repair all the damages to the patient's memory. These two aims are coincident. When one is reached, so is the other; and the same path leads to them both" (Freud 11). In other words, Freud must convince Dora of the correctness of his psychoanalytical interpretation in order for her symptoms to abate. The impairments to her memory, Freud claims, are just those repressed desires that have caused her hysterical symptoms. She must accept Freud's analysis in order to be cured of her ailment. It is this diagnosis of the origin of Dora's symptoms and the path to a cure that I wish to challenge. In order to effectively demonstrate the flaws in Freud's account, I shall turn to the circumstances leading up to Dora's treatment. Dora's father was in a loveless marriage with a woman whose interests in life, we are told, were confined to the upkeep of the family home. Dora's family had moved to a health-resort outside Vienna to provide a better climate for her father's tubercular ailments and made friends with a couple that had lived at the resort for several years, Herr K. and his wife Frau K. Frau K. became her father's nurse and, in time, his mistress. Dora cared for the K.'s two children and was "almost a mother to them" (Freud 19). Two incidents of a sexual nature occurred between Herr K. and Dora, both of which Freud would misinterpret to his patient's detriment. Herr K. would accompany Dora on walks and one day made sexual advances toward her after a trip to the lake. When she told her father about the incident, he called on Herr K. to explain himself. Herr K. denied any such overtures and conjectured that Dora had imagined the whole thing. She had, after all, "read Mantegazza's Physiology of Love and books of that sort in their house on the lake" (Freud 19). It was, Herr K. claimed, most likely that she had been over-excited by such reading and fantasized that Herr K. might be amorously intwined with her. Much to Dora's

Analyze and diagnose a hypothetical situation Essay

Analyze and diagnose a hypothetical situation - Essay Example He should go to the police immediately. If that’s the case, then Tom will not have to worry about retaliation or other complications within the company hierarchy. I will need to find out the type of pornography that Tom had seen. If the pornography found is not illegal that is it is not child pornography, then there can be no legal implications or actions that Tom can take. The matter will remain purely based on company’s policy on pornography on company computer. This will however also depend on whether the computer that held the pornography was company property or the personal property of the executive in discussion. If it is personal property, then there is nothing Tom can do as people have the right to their personal material and no law is against that. Tom will however need to explain what exactly he was doing with the executive’s computer and whether he had authorization to handle such a property. If the matter will need to be pursued, Tom should be able to produce a written permission or request allow him to use or work on the computer otherwise this may lead to negative legal repercussion of being charged with violation of privacy or private property. If he does not have anything written, then he can as well pursue another course of action. Most companies however do not allow pornographically materials in the work place and especially if people get engaged with it during working hours. These policies do not however apply during one’s break time, on most top executives and is also not followed strictly and especially if watched behind closed doors or does not negatively affect the image of the company. If this is the case with the company policy, then Tom has no charges to press or whistleblowing to do on the executive. Any course of action Tom takes may negatively affect him and not the executive. What he did when he went through the files on the executive’s computer may be taken as a violation of private property and this is punishable

Student Life Essay Example for Free

Student Life Essay Every morning I wake up and gaze out my dormitory window at a gorgeous campus with modern buildings surrounded by clean fields of clean-cut grass. The only thing that might appear odd to any average SU student about this sight is that this beautiful looking campus was not their own. As I explore the surrounding campus near my dorm, Sadler Hall, there are several observations made which helped to determine the areas of trivial conflict and areas which seem to reflect social norms. One major observation made in this activity was the small community known as ESF (College of Environmental Science and Forestry). Several subtle and some obvious observations were looked at to determine how this area fit in with our community. There are several vital facts one should know about SUNY ESF. The college is located directly behind the Carrier Dome and is a separate school from Syracuse University. My dorm, Sadler Hall, is one of the few buildings which surround ESF near the edge of campus. In order to drive into ESF, or even Sadler Hall, there is a security shack where you must first check in with a guard. The ESF campus is strikingly different from the SU campus in that the majority of the buildings are very modern and the community as a whole is much smaller. The campus houses no dormitories or eating quarters, so all ESF students share these facilities with SU students. While doing further research I also found that most of the other recreational services are shared with SU students. One of the major preconceptions of ESF students is that they are all tie-die wearing, tree hugging, pot-smoking hippies. When first realizing that ESF existed, I found myself picking out in my head the ESF students from the SU students. The student diversity at ESF is in fact immense for having such a small community of students. Matt Renkas, my RA and an ESF student, informed me of what it is like being an ESF student and living on SU campus. ESF and SU both offer a choice for freshman to have Learning Communities. These are organized groups living together in the same dorm that share similar majors. Learning Communities for ESF are fairly small and only exist on the eighth floor of Sadler, and on the third floor of Day. It is an interesting idea that while at the same time that SU is trying to stray from having students rooming with similar character, those ESF and SU students in learning communities are being isolated from the rest of the school. The major question that arose from my observations was that if ESF and SU students are living and eating in the same quarters, why should they have a social advantage over others? I came to the conclusion that SU and ESF students therefore see each other as a separate community and social group. There are several other observations and facts that support this idea of separation between SU and ESF students. At the 2004 Freshman Convocation, a clear separation allowed first year students to identify who was SU and who was ESF. On the top pear of the stands, one could see a small group of students all wearing tie-die shirts. During the middle of the chancellors speech she made a reference to the ESF students and they all cheered with excitement. At that point I realized what a small population of freshman there are in ESF, and also how separated they seemed from the SU students. With such a small community of students, it made sense that they had so much pride and excitement to be freshman. Not only is ESF one of the hardest SUNYs in New York to get into, but the ESF students also graduate together in the same ceremony as the SU students. Once again this creates a separation between two social groups that are supposed to be one community. In addition, a way that SU students themselves exclude ESF student is in Greek Life. Only 4% of ESF students belong to a sorority or fraternity. This percentage is extremely low even if the community is not very large. Ultimately, this problem spawns from the fact that these two groups are so far apart in social habits. Although ESF shares several facilities with SU campus, the ESF campus appears to first year students, like myself, as an area designated for ESF students only. These boundaries that exist in our community are designated for the people for whom they were built. This idea goes hand in hand with what Sibley states,  What I hope to do is to clarify some of the spatial and social boundary processes which separate some groups and individuals from society and render deviant those who are different. As a freshman in Sadler Hall, I sometimes wonder if there will ever be a time when I need to use the ESF campus? Although it is an understanding that ESF provides a wonderful amount of resource for SU students, at appearance it seems almost like an annex. Its separated by stone walls labeled SUNY ESF, and a glance at the architecture reveals a distinct separation from the still diverse SU campus. Students even possess different ID cards that are green that distinguish them as ESF and not SU. After analyzing the ESF campus, I decided to take a closer look at the social life of ESF students on my floor. I decided that I was going to find out who on my floor was an SU students and who was an ESF student. This means I was going to have to go beyond fieldwork, and start talking to all the people on my floor. It really never occurred to me that anybody on my floor was in ESF, but I had some idea about who may or may not be. After talking to Matt, my Resident Advisor from ESF, I was informed that there were people on my floor in ESF, but I was not told who they were. I know almost all the people on my floor, except for a few, and I decided I was going to find out the ones in ESF. As I closely observed the hallways, I began to notice several promotional signs from the ESF Office of Student Activities. I never really took time to read them or even notice they existed. One of my floor mates named Kathryn, who I had recently made friends with, was my first guess for someone who was in ESF. She was a stereotypical hippie and she boasted about it all the time. When I asked her what school she was in, I was surprised to find she was a student at SU. All of my stereotypical preconceptions failed my attempt to guess the ESF students and made my realize how much I really dont know about the people around me. I came away from this exercise realizing that there really wasnt a stereotypical ESF students and that people with different lifestyles and backgrounds can be found everywhere, even at SU. The point of this essay is not to try and change the relationship between the SU and ESF campus. Like Luthra states on page two of his essay, all I am trying to do is to recognize and distinguish what the differences are but not change them. By identifying these differences, the purpose is to essentially provide an alternative reading of the ESF and SU campus. From much observational analysis, I think it is safe to say that the ESF campus, set apart and isolated from that of the SU campus, can be classified as a place of social isolation. Other forms of exclusion are made through programs such as the Learning Communities which maybe need to become larger in order to function accordingly. In conclusion, there were several observations made which helped to determine the areas of trivial conflict and areas that seemed to reflect social norms. These areas of conflict in the end became question for what society or community accepted. If there is any more to learn about the separated and shared areas of the two campus, it is that in order to create a more diverse and equal society, there can be no separate boundaries that restrict access for either party. These prohibitions discussed are maintained in practice by the community and society which continue to clearly separate a person from a certain place.

The Great War And The Shaping of the 20th Century Essay -- Essays Pape

The Great War And The Shaping of the 20th Century Another man is killed; Another family receives a telegram saying that a loved one was killed in battle; The family will never be the same again without the presence of this man. This is an effort to explain some of the impact that World War I had on millions of individuals. This sequence of events was conducted over and over millions of times during WWI. So why were there so many deaths?Who were the instigators of a war that caused so much suffering, not just in family life, but in society in general? What were some of the effects that war had on society? To answer these questions, it is necessary to look at history, prior to the war, and examine the actions of certain individuals and explain the effects that these actions had on European society. For example, the â€Å"Black Hand†, the Serbian nationalists who assassinated Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and Count Leopold von Berchtold all are specific individuals who greatly contributed to the beginning of the war.[i] The first instigator of WWI to be discussed is the "Black Hand." The Black Hand was a group of Serbian Nationalists that were convinced that Serbia was not receiving the attention that they deserved from the bigger country of Austria-Hungary, led by Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand. The tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary had greatened when Austria- Hungary took over the two provincesof Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, before Serbia could claim the land. Gavrilo Princip, a member of the "Black Hand," assassinated Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 when he went into Sarajevo to review the newly acclaimed territories. The price he paid for refusing to give "a bigger place in the su... ...otten during its reign.†[xiv] [i] Camille Bloch, The Causes Of The World War (New York: Howard Fertig Inc., 1968), p. 9. [ii] S.L.A. Marshall, The American Heritage of World War I (American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1964), p. 17. [iii] Marshall, p. 17. [iv] Marshall, p. 8, 9. [v] Bloch, p. 48. [vi] Bloch, p. 49. [vii] Bloch, p. 59. [viii]Marshall, p. 26. [ix] Marshall, p. 25. [x] Rene Albrecht-Carrie, The Meaning of the First World War (New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc., 1965), p. 57. [xi] Marshall, p. 28. [xii] Anver Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 345. [xiii]Offer, p. 342. [xiv] Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, The War and German Society: A Testament of a Liberal (New York: Howard Fertig, 1971), p. 15.

Majestica Hotel In Shanghai Essay

Majestica, a luxury hotel management service business began in 1970 in Western Europe. Majestica gradually expand to United Kingdom, United States, North America, Asia and so on. After a gradual expansion in Asia, Majestica become the world’s largest operators of luxury hotel and resort. Majestica earn by hotel ownership operation and hotel management but last five years they are concerning to managing hotel. All over the world, owner and developer of luxury hotels are attracted by Majestica because of their excellent quality. Their key success factor is management pointed to a service culture that they had fostered for decade. Moreover, their service culture is personal service oriented. Majestica’s try best to delight their customer by response to unusual request of the guest. This unique service culture leads Majestica to icon in hotel management business in the world. They had two strategies to expand their business those are cautious to increase number of hotel and resort in their portfolio and operating philosophy. In Asia pacific region Majestica didn’t take first moving advantage because of high cost to established new industry and they didn’t convince about political situation stability and existence of service culture. Majestica follow other major international luxury hotel chain and enter in Asian market. In 1990, Majestica changed its strategy to enter Asian market because it was the alarming time for them. China becoming the most competitive hotel industry and china’s economic develop and open door policy leads to china the second largest foreign direct investment recipient in the world. Finally, Majestica took the right decision to change strategy and enter in Asia’s largest competitive hotel business market. China was sixth most popular destination for business and tourist and would be first positioned by 2020. In 2004, there were 423 hotels with 68000 rooms which expected to increase 11 percent by 2005. Shanghai Tourism Administrative Commission also forecast that tourist visiting will increase by 5 percent. Mid 1998 international luxury hotel chains took the advantage of changed government policy soon they took place in Shanghai. Shangri-la, Hyatt international etc established and imbued thoroughly Shanghai luxury hotel market. On that time Shanghai was the best location for Majestica because of market demand, future benefit, resource, competition as well as government policy. While CPS was publicly listed in Hong Kong gave Majestica more confidence about business transparency and independence from government influence. Majestica’s excellent performance and reputation attracted CPS and property owner to invest in Shanghai. As a result Majestica and CPS signed an intent and start negotiation. The challenging issue was the length of the contract and the control over the management of the hotel. First of all, Majestica wants the agreement for 55 years while it was 10 years normal hotel management term in china. So both CPS and Majestica had to change their policy and agreed to 30 years operation period with a option to extend operation period. Secondly, Majestica expect to design and construct by their senior people while CPS interfere to take decision. Than Majestica convince CPS that it is important to take senior people to keep chain of consistency of a world class luxury hotel construction. Selecting the name of the hotel, Majestica don’t want to compromise. Then, Majestica want experienced person as general manager who will accountable for over all operation. CPS wants a Chinese person to be a general manager though there was not any enough experience Chinese person. Then about expatriates, CPS wishes Majestica to train the local employees and eventually use them to replace the expatriates. Then CPS requested to Majestica to take a Deputy General Manager. In negotiation, CPS suggested to Majestica for purchasing all necessity from the local market. Majestica disagreed to CPS for allowing access to hotel rooms because of confusion. Finally, Majestica want to appoint a third party to resolve any condition but CPS didn’t agree to interfere of a third from outside China. For foreign investment law of China Majestica had to take 25 percent equity by the Majestica had to change the upper limit minority investment policy. To increase the market share Majestica should relax its operating philosophy and take the opportunity to grave the leadership position in hotel industry  in the world. If Majestica could change their philosophy and business practice than not only china but it could lead whole world and become global. To take this position Majestica need to change their management policy, market segmentation, human resource policy and aggressive expansion of hotel operating business.

Jewish Culture Essay

The first Jewish custom, Brit Milah also known as circumcision, takes places at the birth of a boy baby. It is carried out on the eighth day after the baby has been born; it is performed by a Mohel, where the baby’s foreskin of the penis is removed. The second Jewish custom is called The Naming Ceremony, which takes place on the first Sabbath that immediately follows the birth of a baby girl. This event takes place inside of a synagogue. On this day either parents or just the father is called for a blessing and a reading to the torah. The third Jewish custom is the Bat/ Bar Mitzvah, this ceremony marks and commemorates the entry of a young Jew into the Jewish adult community. This ceremony has been in practice for the last 450 years. The person concerned in the Mitzvah is required to read the Haftorah which is the portion of the Torah for the week and then give a scholarly comment or speech. Bat Mitzvah is the name of the ceremony for girls, and Bar Mitzvah is the name of the ceremony for boys. Ideal gift would include; Mezuzah cases, Charity boxes, and or Kiddush cups. The fourth Jewish custom is called a Simcha, which is also known as Marriage, and it is performed under a canopy. The fifth Jewish customs is called The Mikovaot this ceremony is a cleansing bath that is a ritual and is one of the longest standing practices in Jewish customs. This ceremony is performed to endow marriages. Orthodox Jewish women are required to dip themselves in this bathe very month after their menstruation before they resume relations of marriage with their husbands. Language: there are various Jewish languages and dialects that developed in the Jewish communities around the world. Hebrew was the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries, but by the fifth century the closely related Aramaic joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the third century Jews of diaspora were speaking Greek and soon afterwards Hebrew was no longer used as a mother tongue. For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the region migrated to, where they would develop distinctive dialectal forms or branching off as independent languages. Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are; Yiddish and Ladino. Yiddish is the Judeo- German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to central Europe. Ladino is also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol is the Judeo- Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula. Religion: the Jewish religion is the monotheistic based on the belief in a single all powerful God. The Jewish doctrine is based on the Ten Commandments as spelt out in the Old Testament. The Hebrew bible had provided the foundations for Christianity. Jesus, Mary and the Apostles were all Jews and the origin of many Christian festivals, psalms and beliefs lay in Judaism. The Jews refused to convert to the new faith of Christianity which is called the New Testament, so they stubbornly maintained their separate religious beliefs and their distinct customs and laws. The Jews also have a Shabbat which takes place on the seventh day of the Jewish week and is the Jewish day for rest. Jew recall the biblical creation account in Genesis in which God creates the Heaven and Earth in six days and rests on the seventh day. Immigration trends: the Jews of Eastern Europe began to emigrate in large numbers from their homelands, beginning in the 1880’s. Between 1881 and 1914 about 2,370,000 Jews fled from poverty and oppression, especially from Trarist Russia notorious for its violent anti- Jewish mobs and pogroms. A great number of these Jews reached the United States and a small minority would establish the first modern Jewish settlements in Palestine. By 1924 the United States had placed strict limits on immigration and the number of Jews admitted was drastically decreased. Other countries soon followed suit and Jews desiring to emigrate or flee from the Nazis found themselves faced with sealed boarders throughout most of the world in the 1930’s. Foods: the Jews have a set of laws about the food they can and cannot eat, these laws are called Kashrut, and a food that is not in accordance with the Jewish law is called Treif. In the Kashrut law, there are prohibitions to consume species (such as pork and most insects), the mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as Shechita. Most of the basic laws of Kashrut are from the Torah’s books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. The Torah does not state the reason for most of the Kashurt laws, but for every law that the Kashurt has each one is biblically written in the bible. Some of the Jewish favourite foods include the following; Babka which is a chocolate – filled challah (egg) bread. Bagel is another favourite Jewish food that is boiled and baked yeast bread. Bialy which similar to bagel, filled with onions and other ingredients there is also Brisket it is a raised meat from the chest area of a cow. Challah is another favourite food it is braided egg bread, Charoset is an apple and nut dish generally served at Passover. Cholent/ Chamin are a slow- cooked stew meat, potatoes, beans and barley. Another favourite dish is Chopped liver, Chrain and pickled horseradish. Farfel is small pellet- shaped egg pasta, used in dishes like kugel. Goulash is a meat stew matzaball soup, and last but not least the Jews love to drink Chicken soup on Friday and Saturday nights. Community events: the Jews have their Synagogues where they have their Jewish celebrations. The Jewish community also celebrates Passover, when the Jews celebrate Passover they are not allowed to use any electricity, and they light candles. The Hanukah is the festival of lights; they also celebrate the Rosh Hashanah which is the Jewish New Year.

A change of UK political policies

A change of UK political policies Introduction Over the years, United Kingdom politics have generated a lot of interest globally. In the recent past, the centre stage of the UK political arena has been the formation of a coalition government in 2010 between two major UK political parties; the conservative and the liberal democrats.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A change of UK political policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is going to dwell on the coalition government as a change in political policy that has caused the emergence of the UK political reforms and its effects (Dorey, Garnett, Denham, 2011). Cause of Political Reforms The UK grand Coalition was arrived at in order to solve and accommodate for different political ideologies for the sake of government continuity. This was seen as the only amicable way of ensuring that the leading party had garnered the requited majority seats to be head of the government as required by the constitution. Bearing in mind that this was the first coalition since 1945, it become apparent that, there was a dire need of initiating political reforms. The reforms were destined to avoid the emergence of such conflicts in the future (Liberal Democrats, 2011). Under the leadership of Prime Minister David Cameron and his assistant Nick Clegg a new political dispensation policy was proposed in form of political reforms. The main agenda behind the proposed political reforms involve the need to ensure that power is devolved to the grass root levels in order to guarantee more representation in the Westminster. These reforms also call for accountability and transparency in the legislature and the cabinet in order to ensure that the government is sensitive to the needs of the people it serves. This also, ensures that government policies are people centred thus reducing political influence on policy formulation and implementation. The major issues highlighted in the political reforms in clude the inclusion of the right to recall a member of parliament whose conduct is not consistent with the constitution, the establishment of a new electoral system, establishment of proportional but fewer constituency that ensure equal representation, empowering the backbench members of parliament, introducing the election of members of the house of lords, devolution of power and introducing e-petitions that force members of parliament to vote on issues of national importance (Liberal Democrats, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Political Reforms The progress of political reforms in the UK has had major effects on the political landscape and on people’s view with regards to the political mileage that the coalition government has been able to attain (Dorey, Garnett, Denham, 2011). Some of the most notable effects of the political reforms inclu de the changes that have been brought about by e-petitions which require 100,000 petitions to ensure that the legislature bills are no longer mere discussions among the members of parliament within their lobby groups but open discussions monitored by the public (The official site of the British Prime Ministers Office, 2011). Further, the parliament through the speaker has also implemented political reforms in the sense that all parties have an equal voice in the parliament. This has also seen the emergence of an empowered backbench representation which has consistently kept the cabinet on check. Therefore, maximizing on policy implementation and ensuring that the cabinet fulfils its mandate to the people. Transparency and accountability has also received a major boost in the parliament through election of competent members of committees as opposed to the previous predicament of nominated members of a committee. In addition, political reforms have also introduced the five year parlia mentary term and a boundary review to reduce the number of constituencies (The official site of the British Prime Ministers Office, 2011). References Dorey, P., Garnett, M. Denham, A. (2011). From Crisis to Coalition: The Conservative Party, 1997-2010. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Liberal Democrats. (2011). Political Reform. Retrieved from https://www.libdems.org.uk/policy_briefingsAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on A change of UK political policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The official site of the British Prime Ministers Office. (2011). The Coalition: One year on. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-coalition-government-one-year-on

Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate

Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a steel magnate, leading industrialist, and philanthropist. With a keen focus on cost-cutting and organization, Carnegie was often regarded as a ruthless robber baron, though he eventually withdrew from business to devote himself to donating money to various philanthropic causes. Fast Facts: Andrew Carnegie Known For:  Carnegie was a preeminent steel magnate and a major philanthropist.Born:  November 25, 1835 in Drumferline, ScotlandParents:  Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William CarnegieDied:  August 11, 1919 in Lenox, MassachusettsEducation: Free School in Dunfermline, night school, and self-taught through Colonel James Andersons libraryPublished Works:  An American Four-in-hand in Britain, Triumphant Democracy, The Gospel of Wealth, The Empire of Business, Autobiography of Andrew CarnegieAwards and Honors:  Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Glasgow, honorary doctorate, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The following are all named for Andrew Carnegie: the dinosaur Diplodocus carnegii, the cactus Carnegiea gigantea, the Carnegie Medal children’s literature award, Carnegie Hall in New York City, Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.Spouse(s): Louise WhitfieldChildren: MargaretNotable Quote: â€Å"A library outranks any other one thing a community ca n do to benefit its people. It is a never failing spring in the desert.† Early Life Andrew Carnegie was born at Drumferline, Scotland on November 25, 1835. When Andrew was 13, his family emigrated to America and settled near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father had worked as a linen weaver in Scotland and pursued that work in America after first taking a job in a textile factory. Young Andrew worked in the textile factory, replacing bobbins. He then took a job as a telegraph messenger at the age of 14, and within a few years was working as a telegraph operator. He educated himself through his voracious reading, benefitting from the generosity of a local retired merchant, Colonel James Anderson, who opened his small library to working boys. Ambitious at work, Carnegie was promoted to be an assistant to an executive with the Pennsylvania Railroad by the age of 18. During the Civil War, Carnegie, working for the railroad, helped the federal government set up a military telegraph system, which became vital to the war effort. For the duration of the war, he worked for the railroad. Early  Business Success While working in the telegraph business, Carnegie began investing in other businesses. He invested in several small iron companies, a company that made bridges, and a manufacturer of railroad sleeping cars. Taking advantage of oil discoveries in Pennsylvania, Carnegie also invested in a small petroleum company. By the end of the war, Carnegie was prosperous from his investments and began to harbor greater business ambitions. Between 1865 and 1870, he took advantage of the increase in international business following the war. He traveled frequently to England, selling the bonds of American railroads and other businesses. It has been estimated that he became a millionaire from his commissions selling bonds. While in England, he followed the progress of the British steel industry. He learned everything he could about the new Bessemer process, and with that knowledge, he became determined to focus on the steel industry in America. Carnegie had absolute confidence that steel was the product of the future. And his timing was perfect. As America industrialized, putting up factories, new buildings, and bridges, he was perfectly situated to produce and sell the steel the country needed. Carnegie the Steel Magnate In 1870, Carnegie established himself in the steel business. Using his own money, he built a blast furnace. He created a company in 1873 to make steel rails using the Bessemer process. Though the country was in an economic depression for much of the 1870s, Carnegie prospered. A very tough businessman, Carnegie undercut competitors and was able to expand his business to the point where he could dictate prices. He kept reinvesting in his own company, and though he took in minor partners, he never sold stock to the public. He could control every facet of the business, and he did it with a fanatical eye for detail. In the 1880s, Carnegie bought out Henry Clay Frick’s company, which owned coal fields as well as a large steel mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Frick and Carnegie became partners. As Carnegie began to spend half of every year at an estate in Scotland, Frick stayed in Pittsburgh, running the day-to-day operations of the company. The Homestead Strike Carnegie began to face a number of problems by the 1890s. Government regulation, which had never been an issue, was being taken more seriously as  reformers actively tried to curtail the excesses of businessmen known as robber barons. The union which represented workers at the Homestead Mill went on strike in 1892. On July 6, 1892, while Carnegie was in Scotland, Pinkerton guards on barges attempted to take over the steel mill at Homestead. The striking workers were prepared for the attack by the Pinkertons, and a bloody confrontation resulted in the death of strikers and Pinkertons. Eventually, an armed militia had to take over the plant. Carnegie was informed by transatlantic cable  of the events in Homestead. But he  made no statement and did not get involved. He would later be criticized for his silence, and he later expressed regrets for his inaction. His opinions on unions, however, never changed. He fought against organized labor and was able to keep unions out of his plants during his lifetime. As the 1890s continued, Carnegie faced competition in business, and he found himself being squeezed by tactics similar to those he had employed years earlier. In 1901, tired of business battles, Carnegie sold his interests in the steel industry to J.P. Morgan, who formed the United States Steel Corporation. Carnegie began to devote himself entirely to giving away his wealth. Carnegie’s Philanthropy Carnegie had already been giving money to create museums, such as the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh. But his philanthropy accelerated after selling Carnegie Steel. Carnegie supported numerous causes, including scientific research, educational institutions, museums, and world peace. He is best known for funding more than 2,500 libraries throughout the English-speaking world, and, perhaps, for building Carnegie Hall, a performance hall that has become a beloved New York City landmark. Death Carnegie died of bronchial pneumonia at his summer home in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11, 1919. At the time of his death, he had already given away over a large portion of his wealth, more than $350 million. Legacy While Carnegie was not known to be openly hostile to the rights of workers for much of his career, his silence during the notorious and bloody Homestead Steel Strike cast him in a very bad light in labor history. Carnegies philanthropy left a huge mark on the world, including the endowment of many educational institutions and the funding of research and world peace efforts. The library system he helped form is a foundation of American education and democracy. Sources â€Å"Andrew Carnegies Story.†Ã‚  Carnegie Corporation of New York.Carnegie, Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. PublicAffairs, 1919.Carnegie, Andrew. The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962.Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. Penguin Group, 2006.

Airline Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Airline Regulation - Essay Example The first major benefit the airline industry would gain would be the safety of its passengers. Section 601(b) of the FA Act specifies, in part, that when issuing certificates, the FAA shall give full consideration "to the duty resting upon air carriers to perform their services with the highest possible degree of safety in the public interest . . ."  Why? Because safety is also related to profitability of an airline company! The first step would be to establish the fact that safety issue is not just about accidents, it is also about prevention. Accidents are few but they cost the company a lot of money in terms of insurance payment as well as bad publicity. In a study made by Mitchell and Maloney ( 1989) it was revealed that â€Å"found that share price falls can be attributed both to the projected future costs of higher insurance and to a brand name effect associated at-fault attribution â€Å" ( qtd from. Button,1997 ). Bad publicity is bad marketing and people lose trust in a certain carrier that is involved with frequent accidents. If management wants to avoid costs, then it must pay attention to its safety programs. The best possible way to change the management’s view about safety is to make a presentation that would justify safety as a way to minimize future costs. I would ask a group of industry specialists on safety to present to the management the benefits of safety to our company and relate it to financial matters. The only problem with the implementation of safety is that some airlines do get favorable treatment from the government. Popular participation from citizens such as lobbying in Congress as well as writing the government should put pressure to the government to be more tight in its monitoring and control of private airline companies. It is not evil to make profit out of rendering service, that is free trade. However, profit is not

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports - Essay Example The drama of performance on world scene is so overpowering that athletes sometime fall in the controversy of doping (use of performance enhancing drugs) in sports. A winning athlete is the star of the public eye just as a politician, musician or a literary figure and their image is a delicate balance training, character and publicity. When athlete resorts to taking performance enhancing drugs, they not only hurt themselves but in turn set in motion a chain of events that destroys the sport each time a new case surfaces. The controversy which has been built around athletic doping or use of performance enhancing drug to maximize sport performance can be traced back to 490 BC in the legendary marathon run by Feidipides, which made him a superhero at the cost of his life (Savulescu, et al. 2004). Performance enhancing drugs has been reported to be used even since the Greeks started the Olympics in 776 BC. Olympic athletes were believed to have used herbs and mushrooms in an attempt to improve their performance. However, it was not until the early 19th century that the problem became a menace to the sport. Today, the thrust for winning is so high that there are reports that performance-enhancing drugs have been used in college, high school and junior high/middle school athletics around the world (Kidsource OnLine, 1996). The desire to outperform the other competitors at any cost is so demanding. The performance oriented athletics with result at its core is fuelled by different levels of drugs which enhance shot-term and long-term performance. The progress in technology offers greater lure to administering different levels of biological intervention. ... The progress in technology offers greater lure to administering different levels of biological intervention. The health and the fitness should be the core of rational judgment rather than emotional euphoria of success. The use of doping takes away the human element of ethics and honesty in sports. An athlete stoops down to the level of an animal with no reason, choice or judgment. Some of the performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous; they have multitude physical, mental and emotional side effects ranging from short-term to long-term. Anabolic steroids are associated are associated with a range of side effects, including heart attacks and liver cancer. Some doping substances are permitted in low doses like alcohol and caffeine. Another form of doping is blood doping either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin. In recent times tetrahydrogestrinone(THG) and modafinil are causing controversy throughout the sporting world. The number and variety of drugs use by athletes are rather alarming. Substances used as ergogenic aids are meant to primarily increase size, endurance and strength of the athletes. Performance increasing drugs also include beta-adrenoceptor blockers and beta-adre noceptor agonists, calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, growth hormone and growth hormone stimulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, iron, theophylline and in some situations, vitamins (Lajis, N.D.). These substances used to boost athletic performance, increase strength and improve appearance present a serious health risk. Use of enhancement drugs violates athlete's autonomy. Besides, such illegal acts questions their confidence, morals, ethics and takes away

The discussion on austerity measures Assignment

The discussion on austerity measures - Assignment Example However, consistently high government deficit can be detrimental for the economy in the short run owing to the fact that the government will have to borrow in order to finance government deficit. (Nellis & Parker, 1996). There are two methods through which the government can actually finance its deficit i.e. it can either impose more taxes or have to borrow domestically or from the international organizations such as IMF and World Bank. Similarly having the higher government debt would ultimately put pressure on the government because most of the government revenue would go towards the servicing of the debt. Further, a higher quantum of government debt creates crowding out effect thus reducing the amount of credit available for the private sector. The lack of credit available to the private sector will therefore ultimately increase the interest rates in the economy and therefore invariably affecting the level of investment into the economy. The lack of investment therefore can furthe r result into the lack of capital formation and the economy may not be able to grow according to the estimates. The above laws therefore are critical owing to the fact that they outline the maximum limits to which economic variables such as government debt as well as the deficit can relate to the gross domestic product. Keeping both these economic variables therefore within a certain range will allow the governments to keep the detrimental affects of these economic variables under control. Data published recently indicate that the government deficit as a percentage of the GDP in EU area is 6.3% whereas the government debt is almost 80% of the GDP1. Countries with largest government deficits included Greece, Ireland, UK, Spain and almost all other major economies of the EU. Countries like Ireland and Greece received support from the EU whereas there is growing discussion about the Spain’s ability to repay its sovereign debt owing to higher government debt. Further, UK has init iated austerity measures in order to control the government expenditure so that the government debt can be rationalized. UK’s government deficit in almost 11.5% suggesting that the economy may not be in good shape and there is a greater need to implement economic strategies which can actually allow the country to remain within economic soundness. The higher ratios of the government debt as well as the government deficit therefore may suggest that the economies may require external support in order to keep themselves solvent. Thus the rules outlined clearly provide the best estimates for the countries to keep their debt and deficit within certain percentage to avoid such economic issues. 2) The circular flow of income suggests that there are three players in the economy i.e. the households, firms and the government. The national income which is generated in the economy therefore is generated with the interaction of these three economic entities. The exact relationship between these components therefore can be described in following equation: Y= AD= C + I + G The above relationship assumes that there is no external trade with other countries. However, if we introduce the trade with the external world, the above relationship will be : Y = AD= C+I+G+X X= Total exports – Total Imports The components of aggregate demand include the consumption, investment, government expenditure assuming that there is no foreign trade. The circular flow of income therefore suggests that the goods and services produced by the firms are consumed by

Relationship Between Leadership Style and Employee Engagment

Relationship Between Leadership Style and Employee Engagment Introduction Organizational effectiveness is essential in todays fast growing organizations where competitiveness is the main feature of the contemporary business. Leadership is the main determinant of organizational effectiveness and is the major identifier of an engaged workforce. The most common leadership style is the Traditional leadership style which is administered in almost all companies of the Petroleum Sector in Egypt with its public companies, joint companies and even part of the investment companies, a leadership style enforcing the concepts of power and authority. The traditional leadership style aims to keep things the same and doesnt promote the engagement of the employees that is not part of their job descriptions and emerges as a result of personal choices. The leadership style applied in the petroleum companies needs to evolve from the traditional approach. It needs to apply leadership styles where the leader is capable of transforming and developing his employees behaviors and benefiting from their efforts would achieve positive contribution to overall organizational effectiveness. This should be through adopting an attitude that supports and enhances motivation and performance of his followers allowing them to exceed their own expectations optimizing their performance to achieve such effectiveness. In some cases, transactional leadership is administered where the leader promotes compliance of his followers through both rewards and punishments and is not looking to change the future. This type of leadership focuses on getting the work done by their followers. Transactional leadership works within the organization culture through management by exception to maintain status quo and stress corrective actions to improve performance. Whereas, the transformational leadership changes the organization culture through its behaviors where the leader affects the followers sense of identity and motivation aiming to achieve performance beyond expectations and employee engagement hence contributing to the main objective which is the organizational effectiveness. Leadership style is a strategic tool that needs to be practiced on a large span to assure employee engagement in order to comply with the surrounding dynamic environment. Statement of Research Problem The leadership style administered in the Egyptian petroleum companies is a traditional one enforcing the concepts of power and authority. This traditional style doesnt promote the engagement attitudes of the employees that are not part of their job descriptions that emerge as a result of personal choices. The leadership behaviors need to evolve to support the behaviors of leaders who are capable of transforming and developing their employees behaviors and benefiting from their efforts would achieve positive contribution to overall organizational effectiveness. Thus, the problem of this study can be stated in the following statement: What is the relationship between the leadership style and employee engagement? Research Objectives The main research objective is to investigate the leadership behaviors that are able to develop employees engagement by: Analyzing the reality of petroleum companies (area of the study) regarding the leadership style used in these companies and whether it has a relationship with employee engagement or not. Using the appropriate behavioral methods to acquire and maintain employees engagement. Providing some recommendations to the responsible people in the petroleum companies regarding what should be done to enhance the relationship between the employees and their supervisors or leaders that would be guiding for future studies on the effect of leadership behaviors both transactional and transformational on employee engagement. Research Importance The academic importance: This research will be an addition to the academic research because there is scarcity in the research topic, transactional and transformational leadership, and dealing with these leadership styles in the petroleum companies. The empirical importance: The empirical importance of this research lies in providing the petroleum companies with the results and the recommendations of the research that can be implemented for maintaining employee engagement aiming to achieve organizational effectiveness. Conclusion Transactional and transformational leadership are considered contrasting leadership styles even though the leader may use both styles of leadership at different times and different situations. Transactional leadership is an exchange process where the leader exchanges rewards for efforts of the subordinates or followers and this in turn allows the leader to punish the subordinates or followers if the task is not accomplished. Whereas transformational leader encourages his followers to make decision, he empowers them and allows them to grow on the individual basis and also among teams by coaching and mentoring them. Transformational leadership and the reward approach of the transactional leadership have a positive influence on employee behaviors, emotions and performance. They have a positive impact on organizational teams, organizational commitment, effectiveness and employees satisfaction in addition citizenship behaviors. For organizations to survive in the rapid competing world, they have to maintain an engaged workforce. Employee engagement will result in high levels of performance and low levels of turnover in organizations. Employee engagement eliminates job stress and is strategic tool leading to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, less turnover and organizational citizenship behaviors. As the literature review shows that the study variables have been covered in many industries and countries around the world, yet it hasnt been given much consideration in the Arab world. This is why the researcher finds that it is a must to conduct this study in the petroleum sector where she works. Research Variables and Operationalization 1. Research Variables: Independent Variables Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership Dependent Variables Employee Engagement 2. Variables Operationalization Independent Variables The leadership styles in this study: transformational and transactional leadership, are evident but dont replace each other as processes, and the same leader may use both types of leadership at different times in different situations. (Yukl 1998) The researcher chooses two of the leadership style for this study as follows: Transformational Leadership: attempts to create emotional links with its followers and inspires higher values (Bass, 1999). Transformational leadership meets the higher order needs of employees (Yusof and Shah, 2008). Also, transformational leadership refers to the leader motivating the follower beyond self-interests. It raises the followers level of maturity and ideals for achievement and the well-being of others, the organization and the society (Hakan 2008). Transactional Leadership: places an emphasis on exchanging rewards for accomplishment (Burton and Peachey, 2009) Transactional leadership focuses mainly on the physical and the security needs of followers. The relationship that evolves between the leader and the follower is based on exchange and reward systems (Bass and Avolio, 1993). Dependent Variable Employee Engagement is the benefiting of organizational members themselves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, perceptually and emotionally during role performances (Kahn, 1990) Employee engagement refers to the individuals involvement and satisfaction as well as enthusiasm for work (Harter et al., 2002). Proposed Research Model Independent Dependent Employee Engagement Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership Research Hypotheses Based on the previous model, we can develop the following hypotheses that try to express the relationship between study variables: H1 There is a strong positive significant relationship between transactional leadership and employee engagement. H2 There is a strong positive significant relationship between transformational leadership and employee engagement. Source of Research Data (Sample) Primary data The researcher collected the primary data from the research sample of 236 employees working in Suez Oil Company by using 30 items questionnaire. Secondary data Secondary data is collected from organizational records from the HR department in the company. Research Variables Instruments In this study, the researcher conducted the questionnaire based on two main research instruments: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Transactional and transformational leadership was measured using 20 items from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X rater form) on a Likert 5 point scale. The components of leadership dimensions derived from the MLQ 5X rater form questionnaire Transactional Transformational Utrecht Work Engagement Scale Employee engagement was measured using 10 items from Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) on a Likert 5 point scale. Research Population and Sample Population The population of present study is 1200 employees of Suez Oil Company, a petroleum company in the Egyptian petroleum sector. Sample The present study sample is a stratified random sample of 300 employees from all departments and job levels in the company. Statistical Methods/Techniques used in Data Analysis Cronbachs Alpha Split-half T-Test ANOVA Scheffe Test Correlations Regression Stepwise Research Results and Findings Validity and Reliability Questionnaire Validity: It means the ability of the questionnaire to measure what it is set for. Reliability of internal consistency: Calculation of correlation coefficients between each axis component phrases and questionnaire axis total marks. Calculation of correlation coefficients between questionnaire axis total marks and questionnaire total mark. First Axis: Transformational Leadership: Validity was calculated by using internal consistency through calculating the correlation coefficient (Person Correlation Coefficient) between each phrase mark and the axis mark (transactional leadership). The same is shown in the following table below: It is evident from the table that all correlation coefficients are indicating significance at (0.05 0.01) that shows it is close to one which means that questionnaire phrases are valid and consistent. Second Axis: Transformational Leadership: Validity was calculated by using internal consistency through using correlation coefficient (Person Correlation Coefficient) between each phrase mark and the axis mark (Transformational Leadership). The same is shown in the following table below: It is evident from the table that correlation coefficients are significant at (0.05-0.01), thus indicating validity and consistency of the questionnaire phrases. Third Axis: Employee Engagement: Reliability was calculated by using the internal consistency through calculating the correlation coefficient (Person correlation coefficient) between each phrase mark and the axis mark (Employee Engagement). The following table shows the same below. It is evident from the table that correlation coefficients are all indicating significance at (0.05-0.01) which shows it is close to one, thus indicating validity and consistency of the questionnaire phrases. Validity by using internal consistency between axis total mark and questionnaire total mark Validity was calculated by using the internal consistency through calculating the correlation coefficient (Person Correlation Coefficient) between each axis total mark (transactional leadership-transformational leadership-employee engagement) and questionnaire total mark, the following table shows the same below: Employee Engagement It is evident from the table that correlation coefficients are all indicating significance at (0.01), thus indicating validity and consistency of the questionnaire phrases. Reliability: Reliability means accuracy of the test in measurement and observation, non-contradiction to oneself, its consistency and elaboration, thus providing us of information about the examined person behavior, and it is the ratio between the mark variance on the scale indicating the virtual performance of the examined person. Reliability was calculated through: Cronbachs Alpha Split-half Reliability of the whole questionnaire It is evident from the above table that all reliability coefficients values: Alpha and Split-half coefficients are indicating significance at (0.01) thus indicating the questionnaire reliability. Description of the Study A comprehensive description of the study sample is shown in the following tables (from 6 to 9) and charts (from 1to 4), as follows: 1 Gender: Table (6) and chart (1) show distribution of the research sample according to the gender. Distribution of the research sample according to the gender 133 research sample individuals are male at the percentage of 56.4%, whereas 103 research sample individuals are female at the percentage of 43.6%. 2 Education: Table (7) and chart (2) show distribution of the research sample according to the education. Distribution of the research sample according to the education 126 individuals of the research sample are university degrees holders at the percentage of 53.4% followed by 71 individuals of research sample are high school certificates or less holders at the percentage of 30.1%, and the last 39 individuals of the research sample are postgraduates at the percentage of 16.1%. 3 Age: Table (8) and chart (3) show distribution of the research sample according to age. Distribution of the research sample according to age 74 individuals of the research sample whose ages ranging between 30 and 39 years at 31.4%, followed by 68 individuals whose ages ranging between 40 and 49 years at 28.8%, followed by 52 individuals whose ages were below 30 years at 22% and coming last 42 individuals aged 50 years and above at 17.8%. 4 Years of experience: Table (9) and chart (4) show distribution of the research sample according to years of experience. Distribution of the research sample according to years of experience 78 individuals of the research sample whose number of years of experience ranging between 11 to 16 years at 33.1% , followed by 63 individuals whose number of years of experience was above 16 years at 26.6% ,followed by 54 individuals whose number of years of experience ranging between 5 and 10 years at 22.9% , and the last 41 individuals with less than 5 years of experience at 17.4%. Description of Questionnaire answers Below is a detailed discussion (in figures and percentages) of sample individuals answers of the phrases in the questionnaire: Transactional Leadership 1 Provides assistance in exchange for effort: It is evident from the table that 55 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 23.3%, whereas 110 individuals of research sample agreed at 46.6%, and 43 individuals of research sample were neutral at 18.2%, however, 28 individuals of research sample disagreed at 11.9%. 2 Very clear on the reward if goals are achieved: It is evident from the table that 115 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 48.7%, whereas 78 individuals of research sample agreed at 33.1%, and 32 individuals of research sample were neutral at 13.6%, however, 11 individuals of research sample disagreed at 4.7%. 3 Express satisfaction when expectations are met: It is evident from the table that 65 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 27.5%, whereas 132 individuals of research sample agreed at 55.9% and 39 individuals of research sample were neutral at 16.5%. 4 Concentrate attention on dealing with mistakes, complaints and failures: It is evident from the table that 69 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 29.2%, whereas 101 individuals of research sample agreed at 42.8%, and 31 individuals of research sample were neutral at 13.1%, however, 25 individuals of research sample disagreed at 10.6% and finally 10 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 4.2%. 5 Keep track of mistakes: It is evident from the table that 54 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 22.9%, whereas 85 individuals of research sample agreed at 36% and 41 individuals of research sample were neutral at 17.4%, yet, 34 individuals of research sample disagreed at 14.4%, and finally 22 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 9.3%. 6 Takes corrective action on mistakes: It evident from the table that 105 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 44.5% ,whereas 80 individuals of research sample individuals of research sample agreed at 33.9% and individuals of research sample were neutral at 16.1% ,however,13 individuals of research sample disagreed at 5.55%. 7 Fails to interfere when problems become serious: It is evident from the table that 12 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 5.1%, whereas 43 individuals of research sample agreed at 18.2% and 37 individuals of research sample were neutral at 15.7%, yet, 63 individuals of research sample disagreed at 26.7%, and finally 81 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 34.3%. 8 If it isnt broken dont fix it: It is evident from the table that 34 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 15.3%, whereas 87 individuals of research sample agreed at 36.9% and 44 individuals of research sample were neutral at 18.6%, yet, 60 individuals of research sample disagreed at 25.4%, and finally 9 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 3.8%. 9 Waits for things to go wrong before taking action: It is evident from the table that 16 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 6.8%, whereas 65 individuals of research sample agreed at 27.5% and 34 individuals of research sample were neutral at 14.4%, yet, 72 individuals of research sample disagreed at 30.5%, and finally 49 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 20.8%. Transformational Leadership 10 Goes beyond self -interest for the good of others: It is evident from the table that 43 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 18.2%, whereas 129 individuals of research sample agreed at 54.7% and 33 individuals of research sample were neutral at 13.9%, yet, 17 individuals of research sample disagreed at 7.2%, and finally 14 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 5.9%. 11 Admired, respected and trusted: It is evident from the table that 122 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 51.7%, whereas 73 individuals of research sample agreed at 30.9% and 41 individuals of research sample were neutral at 17.4%. 12 Display sense of power and confidence, willing to take risk: It is evident from the table that 45 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 19.1%, whereas 64 individuals of research sample agreed at 27.1% and 81 individuals of research sample were neutral at 34.3%, yet, 11 individuals of research sample disagreed at 4.7%, and finally 35 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 14.8%. 13 Talks about values and beliefs: It is evident from the table that 101 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 42.8%, whereas 74 individuals of research sample agreed at 31.4% and 40 individuals of research sample were neutral at 16.9%, yet, 21 individuals of research sample disagreed at 8.9%. 14 Talks optimistically about the future: It is evident from the table that 100 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 42.4%, whereas 81 individuals of research sample agreed at 34.4% and 55 individuals of research sample were neutral at 23.3%. 15 Motivate and inspire people around: It is evident from the table that 99 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 41.9%, whereas 106 individuals of research sample agreed at 44.9% and 21 individuals of research sample were neutral at 18.9%, yet, 10 individuals of research sample disagreed at 4.2% 16 No public criticism: It is evident from the table that 52 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 22%, whereas 71 individuals of research sample agreed at 30.1% and 44 individuals of research sample were neutral at 18.6%, yet, 39 individuals of research sample disagreed at 16.5%, and finally 30 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 12.7%. 17 Spends time coaching, mentoring and teaching: It is evident from the table that 98 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 41.5%, whereas 46 individuals of research sample agreed at 19.5% and 42 individuals of research sample were neutral at 17.8%, yet, 31 individuals of research sample disagreed at 13.1%, and finally 19 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 8.1%. 18 Considers every employee as having different needs, aspiration and abilities: It is evident from the table that 84 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 35.6%, whereas 64 individuals of research sample agreed at 27.1% and 52 individuals of research sample were neutral at 22%, yet, 23 individuals of research sample disagreed at 9.7%, and finally 13 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 5.5%. 19 Develops employees into Leaders: It is evident from the table that 83 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 35.2%, whereas 99 individuals of research sample agreed at 41.9% and 38 individuals of research sample were neutral at 16.1%, yet, 16 individuals of research sample disagreed at 6.8% 20 Interaction with employees are personalized: It is evident from the table that 64 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 27.1%, whereas 70 individuals of research sample agreed at 29.7% and 57 individuals of research sample were neutral at 24.2%, yet, 36 individuals of research sample disagreed at 15.3%, and finally 9 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 3.8%. Employee Engagement 1 At my work, I feel bursting with energy: It is evident from the table that 69 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 29.2%, whereas 101 individuals of research sample agreed at 42.8% and 49 individuals of research sample were neutral at 20.8%, yet, 17 individuals of research sample disagreed at 7.2%. 2 I find the work that I do full of meaning and purpose: It is evident from the table that 71 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 30.1%, whereas 82 individuals of research sample agreed at 34.7% and 46 individuals of research sample were neutral at 19.5%, yet, 29 individuals of research sample disagreed at 12.3%, and finally 8 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 3.4%. 3 Time flies when Im working: It is evident from the table that 88 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 37.3%, whereas 73 individuals of research sample agreed at 30.9% and 22 individuals of research sample were neutral at 9.3%, yet, 39 individuals of research sample disagreed at 16.5%, and finally 14 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 5.9%. 4 When I am working, I forget everything else around me: It is evident from the table that 67 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 28.4%, whereas 108 individuals of research sample agreed at 45.8% and 37 individuals of research sample were neutral at 15.7%, yet, 24 individuals of research sample disagreed at 10.2%. 5 My job inspires me: It is evident from the table that 58 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 24.6%, whereas 93 individuals of research sample agreed at 39.4% and 39 individuals of research sample were neutral at 16.5%, yet, 30 individuals of research sample disagreed at 12.7%, and finally 16 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 6.8%. 6 When I get up in the morning, I feel like going to work: It is evident from the table that 81 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 34.3%, whereas 84 individuals of research sample agreed at 35.6% and 41 individuals of research sample were neutral at 17.4%, yet, 21 individuals of research sample disagreed at 8.9%, and finally 9 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 3.8%. 7 I am proud of the work that I do: It is evident from the table that 82 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 34.7%, whereas 94 individuals of research sample agreed at 39.8% and 60 individuals of research sample were neutral at 25.4%. 8 I can continue working for very long periods at a time: It is evident from the table that 64 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 27.1%, whereas 86 individuals of research sample agreed at 36.4% and 43 individuals of research sample were neutral at 18.2%, yet, 25 individuals of research sample disagreed at 10.6%, and finally 18 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 7.6%. 9 To me, my job is challenging: It is evident from the table that 100 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 42.4%, whereas 79 individuals of research sample agreed at 33.5% and 34 individuals of research sample were neutral at 14.4%, yet, 13 individuals of research sample disagreed at 5.5%, and finally 10 individuals of research sample strongly disagreed at 4.2%. 10 I get carried away when Im working: It is evident from the table that 83 individuals of research sample strongly agreed at 35.2%, whereas 103 individuals of research sample agreed at 43.6% and 50 individuals of research sample were neutral at 21.2%. Hypotheses Testing There is a correlation between transactional leadership and employee engagement and a correlation between transformational leadership and employee engagement To test the developed hypotheses, a Pearson correlation method is used for figuring out the relationship between the study variables. The obtained results can be shown in the following table: Table (10) correlation matrix among transactional leadership, transformational leadership and employee engagement Employee Engagement 0.831** Transactional Leadership 0.924** Transformational Leadership ** p = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0.01 Table (10) shows a positive correlation among transactional leadership, transformational leadership and employee engagement at significance of (0.01) function. In other words, the better the transactional leadership perception is the better the employee engagement which supports H1and the better the transformational leadership perception is the better the employee engagement which supports H2. Demographic Analysis Transactional Leadership and Demographics: There are differences of statistical indication between the sample individuals marks average in transactional leadership according to the study demographics. T-Test was applied and the sample individuals marks were calculated by ANOVA in the transactional leadership, the following tables show the same below: Chart (5) differences in the sample individuals marks average in transactional leadership according to the gender Table (11) and Chart (5) show that T value was (20.931 ),it is a value statistically indicating significance at (0.01 ) in favor of females, as females marks average was ( 39.019 ) , whereas males marks average was ( 21.451 ), that means that females consider transactional leadership better than males. Total Table (12) shows that F value was ( 31.402 ) which is a statistically indicating significance at ( 0.01 ), that means that there are differences among the sample individuals in transactional leadership according to education. To verify the direction of the indication, Scheffe Test was applied for multiple comparisons. The following table shows the same below: Table (13) and chart (6) show no differences in transactional leadership between post graduate studies holders and university degree holders, whereas there are differences between post graduate studies holders and high school certificate or less holders in favor of post graduate studies holders significant at ( 0.01 ). There are also differences between university degree holders and high school certificate or less holders in favor of university degree holders significant at ( 0.01 ), whereas the average of marks of post graduate studies holders and university degree holders was (35.205) and (34.515) respectively, followed by high school certificate or less holders sample individuals at the average of ( 16.197 ) , post graduate studies holders and university degree holders came first as they had better perception of transactional leadership , while high school certificate or less holders came second. It is evident from table (14) that the value of T was ( 39.670 ) , it is a value indicating statistically significant at ( 0.01 ), thus indicating the differences among sample individuals according to age. To define the function direction, Scheffe Test was applied for multiple comparisons .The following table shows the same below. Chart (7) differences of sample marks in transactional leadership according to age Table (15) and chart (7) show that there are differences in transactional leadership between sample individuals aged 50 years and above and sample individuals aged 40-49 years ,30-39 years and those below 30 years in favor of the sample individuals aged 50 years and above with significance at (0.01), whereas there are differences between sample individuals aged 40-49 and sample individuals aged 30-39 in favor of sample individuals aged 40-49 years with significance at (0.05), whereas there are differences between sample individuals aged 40-49 and sample individuals aged below 30 years in favor of the first with significance at (0.01), whereas there are differences between sample individuals aged 30-39 years and sample individuals aged below 30 years in favor of the first with significance at (0.01). The average marks of the sample individuals aged 50 years and above were (42.000), followed by the sample individuals aged 40-49 at the average of (32.441) ,followed by sample individuals aged 30-39 at the average of (29.540) ,and sample individuals aged below 30 years at the