Mona Lisa - The Enigmatic Meaning Essay Example for Free

Mona Lisa The Enigmatic Meaning Essay The Enigmatic Meaning They call her â€Å"The Enigmatic Woman,† yet the artwork from the start is very commonplace. It looks a ton like any regular picture with the subject situated in the inside while she sits confronting and gazing legitimately at the watcher. Indeed, even the hues are exhausting in this painting with its wealth of earth tones with various smooth shades of blurred green, earthy colored, blue, and consumed orange. The image itself is just 30†x21† which is about twofold the size of the normal school course reading. With the entirety of the signs of an image that a great many people would dispose of, it is a serious puzzler regarding why the world has been fixated on the â€Å"Mona Lisa† for more than 500 years. In â€Å"Ways of Seeing† John Berger, a workmanship history specialist and writer (just a small example of the various ways I could title this Renaissance man), offers his perusers a path into understanding the second caught in canvases, particularly puzzling compositions like the â€Å"Mona Lisa.† He proposes that watchers pose inquiries about and to the artwork as route into going into a kind of exchange with the craftsman and their subject. By posing the suitable inquiries, I had the option to get somewhat of a grip on precisely why this cryptic woman’s look has been catching the remainder of the world’s for such a long time, yet I was additionally left addressing Berger’s hypothesis. Berger supports everybody with an enthusiasm for craftsmanship to finish this procedure so as to battle against the â€Å"mystification† of exemplary artistic creations, however now and then confusion is a piece of the experience of appreciating workmanship a nd there is merit in that also. As the title of the article insights, Berger accepts that â€Å"Every picture encapsulates a Way of Seeing† (99 My Italics), implying that each picture likewise incorporates the point of view of the craftsman to the subject. When a peruser can begin to get a handle on where the craftsman is coming from corresponding to what he is painting, at that point the picture may begin to bode well. For instance of this procedure Berger looks at â€Å"Regents of the Old Men’s Alms House† by Frans Hals, which is delineated underneath: Berger contextualizes the photos by first inquisitive into the artist’s economic wellbeing at that point. During the commission of the canvas Hals was â€Å"an elderly person of more than eighty, [and] was destitute† (101). These well off men that Hals delineated gave him â€Å"three heaps of peat† (101), or spoiling vegetation, for this picture. In light of those realities, Berger reaches the decision that there is a feeling of harshness in the point of view of the work of art, which might be the reason Hals delineated the third man from the privilege as being tanked. Berger contends that the man’s demeanor and cap are not really an aftereffect of facial loss of motion and design as craftsmanship antiquarians contend, yet part of the â€Å"drama of these paintings† (102) which for this situation is an old poor person battling with his sentiments of these men while attempting to remain objective in his portrayal of them; in this manner, he let a bri ef look at reality out, a brief look at these regents’ defilement. Things being what they are, how can one start to pose inquiries about the â€Å"Mona Lisa†? Maybe it is ideal to begin a similar way that Berger does, by understanding who the craftsman was at the hour of the work of art. As indicated by the Louvre’s official site, (the gallery where the composition hangs) the artistic creation is accepted to have been painted somewhere in the range of 1503 and 1506. Leonardo da Vinci, the craftsman, would have been a little more than fifty at that point. Kenneth Clark from The Burlington Magazine clarifies that â€Å"after he had waited over it four years, [he] left it unfinished.† In 1516 the lord of France welcomed him to take a shot at an undertaking. BBC giver Bob Chaundy accepts that da Vinci took Mona Lisa with him to keep chipping away at it until his demise in 1519. So what we have is man approaching an incredible finish chipping away at an apparently close to home undertaking (since he took it with him all over the place), a task that he believed he never wrapped up. The following evident inquiry: who is the lady? As per the Louver, the model was Lisa Gherardini who was apparently a normal Italian working class mother to five kids. Her better half, Francesco Giocondo, dispatched da Vinci to paint the picture as an approach to praise the new Giocondo home and the appearance of their subsequent child. Basically, Mona Lisa, My Lady Lisa, is a housewife worshiped. She is ostensibly the most celebrated housewife ever. With a comprehension of the craftsman and the subject, the time has come to ask, â€Å"what is the viewpoint here?† What perspective was da Vinci attempting to give his crowd? Knowing the data that I do, it is difficult to try and recommend that there was a group of people for the artistic creation. The records recommend that da Vinci painted and gave what he was dispatched to Gioncondo, yet he kept one of the first draws to continue chipping away at. At the end of the day, the Mona Lisa the world realizes today was truly for da Vinci’s eyes as it were. The representation is a cozy portrayal maybe of somebody who confounded da Vinci’s sensibilities. Of all the various subjects and models da Vinci painted, it was a white collar class mother who enraptured his consideration. Maybe da Vinci couldn't understand why she was so enchanting thus spent an incredible remainder attempting to catch that â€Å"it factor† she appeared to ooze. It could be said, da Vinci was attempting to catch the sentiment of all consuming, instant adoration, the sentiment of being totally pulled in to somebody and not knowing why. So how does this sentiment of stunning veneration stream over into the other expressive components of the representation? A great many people will in general remark on her eyes and her grin, and in the event that you notice, they don't generally appear to relate to one another. In the event that you just glance at her eyes and spread her mouth, the eyes give a feeling that she is giving an a lot more extensive grin than she really is since the eyes are wrinkled and improved. The high arrangement of the cheekbones likewise loan to this understanding. The remainder of the representation with the traditionalist shaded garments and posture don't radiate the feeling of good humor that the eyes give. Those eyes that appear to negate different parts of the representation are additionally incomprehensibly the spotlight since numerous individuals remark on how Lisa’s look appears to tail you any place you go. Her eyes disclose to you a certain something, and the remainder of her reveals to you another. She feels two feelings all the while, and that is secretive. Numerous individuals likewise will in general remark on the foundation since it did not depend on any genuine area (BBC). It is practically other-common, outsider in that sense. Similarly that she can feel two feelings simultaneously, it seems as though she can be in two places simultaneously since she is presented in the middle of twoâ manmade segments on a gallery; she is all the while human and extraterrestrial. The shades of the foundation additionally give this sense since they are part into two. The top half is pale blue green in its delineation of the sky, water, and trees while the lower half is earthy colored and orange in its portrayal of the land. At long last, her symmetrical triangle present truly appears to seal this perusing, for what is a triangle however the intermingling of two inverse focuses on a solitary point? Mona Lisa is that purpose of intermingling. She is place where two feelings can unite. She is where earthly and extraterrestrial unite. She is where a commonplace housewife combines with a heathen of the world. She is the embodiment of riddle since she can't be nailed down to only a certain something. Riddle, however, is the thing that John Berger is battling against. He needs to accept what he calls the â€Å"bogus religiosity† (109) that perplexes workmanship out of the condition by giving individuals the instruments they have to make importance all alone. He accepts that craftsmanship pundits and history specialists bewilder by â€Å"explaining endlessly what may some way or another be evident† (103); it could be said they attempt to befuddle understandings that may be clear through scholastic talk and elitism. Yet, what happens when the fact of the matter is bewilderment? When the purpose of the artistic creation is to leave the watcher befuddled? Isn't there a spot for that in craftsmanship too? On the off chance that it was not for this obscurity that Lisa makes, would anybody give it a second thought? I think not. â€Å"Works Cited† page erased

Lee dong wook free essay sample

Its simply that I love the young men such a great amount to where it really damages to tune in to their tunes and see their endowments or vines and recordings and everything and I feel so kicked up in light of the fact that I let myself to be overwhelmed by a kid band that doesnt even recognize my reality and theres this piece of me who accepts that one day will have the option to meet them and its Just so kicked up, everything is. I feel so kicking overprotective of them that when I see individuals talking chits about them I would flip. Id guard them and I abhor seeing the young men with different young ladies I mean Im k with Lam and Louis young ladies however yet I truly loathe Zany and Peppier I dont even know why and I scorn It when Harry goes out with Taylor Swift and Kendall Jennet and essentially everybody since well in the event that you didnt know Im In affection with him and no one sufficient for him. We will compose a custom article test on Lee dong wook or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Im Just so kicked up, you know, Im 19 and I have a feeling that I ought to be more full grown as opposed to getting sucked Into the entire Direction fantod however Vive been with the young men since What Makes You Beautiful and I observed the entirety of their video Aries and I know the entirety of their embryo Inside Jokes and I sat tight for the entirety of their new music recordings and its hard k in light of the fact that the young men have grown up and Im in tears right now.It harms so awful. I need to give up however I cant. I realize it sounds so dumb of me to be crying a direct result of a kid band yet you dont know how I feel k you dont know the connection I feel for them and great god I tune in to the entirety of their melodies I have the entirety of their tunes and its insane its insane its insane! Furthermore, presently Im crying. Since I love the young men to such an extent.

The History of BMW

The History of BMW Over the last 100 years, BMW has transformed from a struggling airplane engine company to being the manufacturer of some of the most highly coveted luxury vehicles in the world. The company has witnessed some of the darkest times in European history but has emerged as a strong, stable representative of quality German design and engineering.During its transformation from a company owning only one small production facility near Munich to a global organization owning 30 production facilities in 14 countries on 4 continents, BMW has changed greatly. The organization has diversified, taken on social issues and become one of the major sponsors of professional golf.BMW has proven that one of the best ways through adversity is diversity and that mantra will continue to propel them into the future. The following article follows the history of BMW from its foundation in 1917 to its present global operations. © Shutterstock.com | Anton_IvanovIn this article, we explore several important development stages of the BMW by walking through sections: 1) foundation of BMW, 2) BMW during World War II, 3) BMW during 1970s, 4) turn of a new century, and 5) the millenium.FOUNDATION OF BMWBMW was the product of three manufacturing companies that became Bayerische Motorenwerke in 1917. Rapp Motorenwerke and Bayerische Flugzeugwerke were separate companies until the year 1918 until they were merged into a new public limited company. In 1918, Rapp Motorenwerke had been restructured and taken on the name BMW when it absorbed the struggling Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW).1) Rapp MotorenwerkeRapp Motorenwerke GmbH manufactured aircraft engines in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded by Karl Friedrich Rapp in 1913. The company suffered during the early years of World War I until it was ordered by the Prussian army to produce 600 aero engines. This order saved the company from collap se. Soon after, the founder, Karl Rapp was forced out of the company. This prompted a restructuring that led to the name change to Bayerische Motorenwerke GmbH. Newly restructured Bayerische Motorenwerke was the first company to use the moniker BMW.2) Bayerische FlugzeugwerkeGustav Otto, a Bavarian aviator, founded the Gustav Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik in 1913 near Munich. Because of unnamed issues in the quality of their products, the company was not ordered to provide armaments to the Prussian military during World War I. The company suffered financially before it was purchased by investors and closed in 1918. After its closure, Bayerische Flugzeug Werke (also known as BFW) was merged with the newly restructured Bayerische Motoren Werke to complete the transformation into BMW.3) Fahrzeugfabrik EisenachFahrzeugfabrik Eisenach was founded as a stock company in 1896. The company initially made bicycles but after two years in business they began to produce the Wartburg, a motor car. Thi s was the third automobile manufacturer to be founded in Germany, the first two being Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and Benz Cie. The company was acquired by BMW in November 1928. This acquisition contributed to BMWs shift from manufacturing airplane engines to creating civilian automotive vehicles.The first BMW logo was created in 1917, and it includes the colors blue and white which are the Bavarian state colors. The logo was reimagined several times throughout the years, but it still retained its basic form including the blue and white colors. Many people believe that the alternating colors in a circle are an interpretation of an airplane propeller. In fact, the BMW logo was an interpretation of Karl Rapps former logo. The letters BMW are arranged similarly to how Rapps original logo was designed.Rapp Motorwekre struggled severely because of quality issues until halfway through World War I. When the Prussian army ordered 600 aeroplane engines from Rapp Motorwerke. Overnight, the company went from being on the brink of extinction to genuinely contributing to the German war effort, and this allowed them to acquire BFW in 1918. Two years after the end of the war, in 1920, Camillo Castiglioni, an Italian-Austrian financier with a passion for aviation, injected capital into the company and gave it a new life. Camilo Castiglioni was the wealthiest man in Central Europe during that what period. He is widely known for having owned over 170 different companies. He is often recognized for having provided the financing and guidance BMW needed to become the successful automotive manufacturer it is today.In 1922, the company relocated the production center to the Oberwiesenfeld airfield near Munich. These new headquarters would become the parent plant for the entire BMW group. Today, the Munich headquarters employ 9,000 employees who make over 200,000 cars every year.In 1923, BMW expanded its operations from aeroplane engines to motorcycles. They announced their first motorcycle that would be called the R32. This was a big step for the company because it has previously only made motor engines and not entire vehicles. BMW created a motorcycle design that was so efficient that the 1923 concept plan is still used in modern BMW motorcycles.In 1928, BMW began working on their first car after they purchased Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach, the third automobile manufacturer established in Germany. Cars were not produced in the Munich production center. Instead, the company continued to use the former Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach plant located in Thuringia region of Central Germany. The first car manufactured by BMW was a design borrowed from the Austin Motor Company. It was not until 1932 that BMW utilized its own designs and built its first car.BMW DURING WORLD WAR IIDuring World War II, BMW manufactured war materials for the German military. This was not uncommon as most of the manufacturing facilities, and production plants in Germany came under the control of th e government following the Nazi invasion of Poland. During this time, BMW was devoted almost entirely to making aircrafts for the German air force and motorcycles for the German army. Civilian automobile production came to a complete stop until after the war.BMW had a dark history during the Second World War. To keep up with production demands of the German military, BMW began to employ foreign workers in the year 1940. These workers worked on the factory floor taking over the roles that had been left open by German men who had been drafted into the military. These workers were not enough to keep up with the required pace of manufacturing. Beginning in 1942, BMW began to employ POWs from Eastern Europe as well as forced laborers from Western Europe. These workers worked alongside prisoners from Nazi concentration camps. All of the workers in these plants worked in conditions that are considered to be inhumane. Suitable working conditions were sacrificed for efficiency. BMW has publi cally recognized this history and has expressed sincere regret over the fate of the workers in their plants during this tragic period.Because BMW provided armaments to the German military, the Allied forces took control of each of the BMW plants and dismantled them. To prevent the total destruction of their company, BMW began to produce pots, pans, and other kitchen utensils until they could once again produce motorcycles and automobiles.All BMW plants were dismantled by the Allies following the war. BMW had little to no influence over its organization at its Munich plant until 1949. In the Allach plant, BMW was not allowed any power until the year 1955. As a part of war reparations, many of the machines in the Munich plant were taken apart and then shipped overseas as a part of Germanys post-war reparations.BMW POST-WAR REBOUNDRebounding from the costs of the post-war reparations was not an easy task for the German economy or its industry leaders. Thankfully, the costs of World Wa r II did not lead to the same economic instability that followed the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I.In 1951, BMW was able to produce its first automobile since the start of the war. The car was called the 501. The 501 was a large saloon vehicle that could seat as many as six people comfortably. Although it was designed to be a luxury car, it did not succeed in the luxury market. However, it did play an important role in re-establishing the companys reputation as one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles that were not only high-quality but also technologically advanced. The BMW 501 lived a short life and was taken off of the production lines in 1958.After nearly 15 years of uncertainty, BMW was able to negotiate its independence for a second time in the year 1959. Daimler-Benz had its eye on acquiring BMW through a restructuring package, but the shareholders of BMW rejected this generous offer at the end of the year. With the help of financial assistance from the G erman government, BMW was restructured under new management in 1960.BMW DURING THE 1970sWithout the pressure of a major European war, BMW was able to flourish through the 1960s and 1970s. The company focused on expansion as well as advancement throughout this period. Several of the modern arms of the company were also formed during this time. This period of growth resulted in the multi-faceted organization that BMW is today.BMW gained a new kind of independence in the year 1971 when it established its own financial subsidiary organization. BMW Kredit was established to finance the companys growth as well as provide support for their growing number of dealerships around the world. BMW Kredit became the cornerstone in the emerging automotive leasing market.The 1970s also saw a period of international expansion for BMW. In 1972, the company began work on its first ever overseas production plant. The plant is located in Rosslyn, near Pretoria in South Africa. The plant employs 1,700 emp loyees and manufactures around 53,000 units of the BMW 3 Series each year. South Africa may seem like a strange choice for a companys first foray into international production, especially during this period. However, the company worked hard to provide jobs during the unstable years of the breakup of Apartheid. The group took special care to enact measures against segregation, discrimination and unfair compensation in its factory. They also committed themselves to providing support to the local schools as well as cooperating with local agencies.The year 1972 was a big year for BMW. The company also launched their BMW Motorsport subsidiary. BMW Motorsport brought a lot of recognition and fame for the manufacturing quality and power of their vehicles. The success of BMW Motorsport also influenced the companys new directions. With such a popular subsidiary, BMW eventually began to focus on building sport vehicles for the average driver. BMW Motorsport was only the tip of the iceberg. BM W Golfsport, Yachtsport and BMW Mountains have all inspired BMWs impressive lineup of performance based vehicles.The theme of progress continued in 1973 when the new BMW complex was opened in Munich. Work began in 1970 to build a new block of towers to house BMW rapidly growing team. Though it was a curiosity at the time, today the four-cylinder building has become an iconic part of Munichs skyline.After decades of the Munich arm of the organization accepting all of the sales responsibility, Sales Director Bob Lutz finally began to delegate by establishing sales subsidiaries. This event marked BMWs transformation from German luxury automotive manufacturer to key world player. The first subsidiary opened in France in 1973 and soon after many countries began to open their own sales offices.TURN OF A NEW CENTURYAs time progressed, BMW became known as a leader in both luxury and technology. Between their line of sports vehicles and their compellingly comfortable sedans, BMW had set a pr ecedent across the world for what one manufacturer could achieve.BMW became know for the extensive amount of research that went into designing and producing new vehicles. In 1990, BMW opened its Research and Innovation Centre in Munich. It was the first car manufacturer to open this type of facility. The facility continues to host over 7,000 employees. BMW relies on a variety of scientists, designers, engineers, managers and technical staff to work together to create their modern, luxury vehicles.In 1994, BMW made it to America. The decision to build in the United States was made in 1989, but the facility was not open for business until the early 90s. The new plant simultaneously cemented BMWs position as a global auto manufacturer whilst producing cars for one of its biggest markets. The plant was built in Spartanburg, South Carolina and was initially the dedicated production facility of the Z3 roadster. Today, the plant continues to produce the Z3 as well as the recent BMW X serie s. The X3, X5, and X6 are all made in the USA.1994 continued to be a novel year for BMW when they purchased the Rover Group. Based in the UK, Rover manufactured iconic British sport vehicles like the Land Rover, MG, and the Mini. BMW had high hopes for the Rover Group but ultimately, their dreams were not realized. BMW eventually sold the Rover Group in 2000, but it retained the Mini model for its own use.The decade continued with another major acquisition: the legendary Rolls-Royce group. In 1998, BMW negotiated the ownership of the brand as well as the naming rights for Rolls-Royce vehicles, though, the company was still owned by Volkswagen. In 2002, BMW finally earned full ownership of the company and celebrated by building a new plant in Goodwood, England.THE MILLENNIUMAfter narrowly surviving one of the most tumultuous centuries in European history, the BMW group has spent the early years of the new century focusing on growth, change, and longevity.The Mini was one of the only past reminders of the previous ownership of the Rover Group. It began to serve BMW well in the new century after BMW built a specialized plant to build the pint-size vehicles. Built in Oxford, England, the Mini became a global superstar after high demand required a 150% increase in production of the vehicle.The move towards a fully global reach has continued into the 2000s as BMW opened up not one but three new production plants. The Rolls-Royce plant opened in Goodwood in 2003 followed by a brand new facility in Shenyang, China. BMW also opened another plant at home. The Leipzig plant was considered to be not only a creator of art but a work of art itself. The plant won the German Architecture award the year after it opened.Today, BMW is governed by Strategie Number ONE. With a focus on growth, future, profitability and technology, BMW looks to the future of the automotive industry. After enjoying over a century of success, the leadership at BMW looking ahead to the year 2020. By 2 020, BMW aims to be the leading luxury automotive manufacturer in the world.BMW has seen both hard times and prosperous times throughout the 20th century. However, it is the groups unstable beginning combined with its unending quest for self-improvement that has brought it into the 21st century as one of the top luxury automotive brands in the world.

The Issue Of Gun Safety - 1108 Words

Many tragedies that involve guns on school campuses make people worry. Parents often ponder the question, â€Å"Is my child safe?† The answer is never a guaranteed which causes parents to fret. Parents should stop worrying. They need to trust school officials will protect their child or children. School officials should feel free to open-carry. There should be trained individuals, whether it is a teacher or an administrator that are trained for gun incidents. Schools, who believe that an outside person should protect them, should hire a resource officer. Resource officers should be placed in every Elementary, Middle and High School over the continental United States. Colleges should look into having an officer in every building on their campuses. Metal detectors come next; they would catch potential threats before they intentionally hurt anyone. Lastly, for all of this to happen the number one step towards gun safety would be teaching about gun safety. Teaching students and st aff members about gun safety would possibly lower the rate of gun violence in school. Gun safety in the school system should be promoted. School officials open-carrying possibly would make students feel safer. Ben Giles and Gary Grado, distinguished writers for the Arizona Capital Times, shared a nerve-wracking story in â€Å"To Shoot or†¦: A bill to Arm Teachers and Administrators could become Law in Arizona, Sparking New Gun Debate†. In the story they reported on how a child’s grandfather marched through theShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gun Safety Essay1772 Words   |  8 PagesWhen thinking about gun safety, many people think of the news channels, or the speeches from Congress and the President about guns and some of the problems that they cause. Man go as far as saying that the more guns U.S. civilians have, the more crime will rise.. Though there are many problems that happen that involve guns, it is not the guns themselves causing these problems; it’s the people that are behind them. Gun safety is a subject that has been a main topic in the past few years among manyRead MoreThe Issue Of Safety And Gun Control896 Words   |  4 Pagesyear-old is old enough to buy a gun, but not a beer? The concern of a gun-crime being committed by a young man/woman is high, but what if they want to go hunting with their father? It doesn’t seem so bad now. Some people may think that our President isn’t effective enough, but there are too many people supporting each side for the President to make a large, yet fair decision. There may be two sides to the story, but what is the right option? This question of safety and gun control has become part of anRead MoreGun Control And The Safety Of The Future868 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control â€Å"We must respect the past, and mistrust the present, if we wish to provide for the safety of the future† was a quote by Joseph Joubert, a well-known essayist, put it simply. People ought to learn from and respect the past, don’t trust the present, all to make the future better. This is something to always live by because the past is not always right and the future should be provided for. Joubert had the right idea. Everyone could learn from his ideology even if they do not completelyRead MoreThe Importance Of Gun Control1209 Words   |  5 Pagesyears, the issue of gun control has been brought to the forefront of people’s minds. Some people believe in the power of the second amendment, and the right to personally own guns. This is the camp that I fall under. But there are those who believe in stricter gun control and view personal ownership of guns as a great risk. No matter what side you fall on the goal is the same, to make the United States of America a safe place to live. We are all united by this one central value of safety, regardlessRead MoreThe Drawbacks of Gun Control Legislation773 Words   |  3 Pages Gun control is many issues of this nation summed up into two words. In the point of view of some people gun control is a crime issue, while to others it is a rights issue. Gun control also is a safety issue and believe it or not, an education issue. Within each of these problems, there are those who want gun control legislation, and those like myself, who want less gun control legislation. The second amendment states that we as citizens have the right to bear arms and protectRead MoreEssay about Public Safety vs. Civil Rights1628 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Safety v. Civil Rights CJA 550 Crystal Shepherd March 7, 2011 The argument of public safety versus civil rights has always been at the forefront of many major political issues in the United States. Civil rights are the foundation of this country, and they protect it’s citizens. But with that, comes the protection of criminals, terrorists, and enemies of the state, and the freedom for these people to move and operate against American ideals. The slightest restrictions on civil rightsRead MoreA Brief Note On Shootings Shooting And The 2012 Aurora Shooting973 Words   |  4 PagesAurora shooting. According to my findings and analysis, there are two main ways the issue of gun controlled is framed. One, gun control is depicted through a constitutional frame that represents the problem as an issue involving constitutional claims to support less strict gun laws and second, gun control is represented through the lens as a public health frame where the issue is seen as focusing on health and safety risks to society. Figure 2 (shown above) illustrates a comprehensive numerical analysisRead MoreCause And Effect Of Gun Control1384 Words   |  6 PagesThere are an abundance of causes and effects in the way guns are used, purchased, and sold – legally or illegally. A few causes include how guns are kept (with a safety and locked away or not), and in the way guns are obtained. The effects of these acts are, peoples state of mind, and the criticisms law enforcement may receive. Thought of as technical and firm, the laws about guns can easily be bypassed by criminals and people who are not in the right frame of mind. In the legal and illegal use ofRead MoreThe Problem Of Gun Control1014 Words   |  5 Pagesthe largest issues being discussed today is how can we effectively control guns and limit, or eliminate, gun violence. There is a very large amount of solutions out there, some that are good and some that are not so good. The solutions I have found and will discuss in this paper have been proposed by Todd Miller of Huffington Post, Evan DeFilipps of Washington Post, and Matthew DesChamps of Stamford Advocate. The solutions these authors have proposed just do not solve this issue in the rightRead MoreGun Control : A Continuous Problem851 Words   |  4 PagesGun control; a continuous problem in the United States since the late 1700’s. Gun control does not necessarily mean to ban guns, but rather to put a better control on who has access to them. The ongoing issue of whether to keep or eliminate guns has Americans all over the world in distress over an issue that is not impossible to resolve. Gun control is a task that takes a community as a whole to accomplish. No matter how small, every individual’s effort can make a difference. To take control of guns

Monomer Definition and Examples (Chemistry)

A monomer is a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers, which are the building blocks of proteins. Monomers bind to other monomers to form repeating chain molecules through a process known as polymerization. Monomers may be either natural or synthetic in origin. Oligomers are polymers consisting of a small number (typically under 100) of monomer subunits. Monomeric proteins are protein molecules that combine to form multi-protein complexes. Biopolymers are polymers consisting of organic monomers found in living organisms. Because monomers represent a huge class of molecules, they are commonly categorized into various subgroups such as sugars, alcohols, amines, acrylics, and epoxides. The term monomer combines the prefix mono-, which means one, and the suffix -mer, which means part. Examples of Monomers Glucose, vinyl chloride, amino acids, and ethylene are examples of monomers. Each monomer may link in different ways to form a variety of polymers. In the case of glucose, for example, glycosidic bonds may link sugar monomers to form such polymers as glycogen, starch, and cellulose. Names for Small Monomers When only a few monomers combine to form a polymer, the compounds have names: Dimer: Polymer consisting of two monomersTrimer: Three monomer unitsTetramer: Four monomer unitsPentamer: Five monomer unitsHexamer: Six monomer unitsHeptamer: Seven monomer unitsOctamer: Eight monomer unitsNonamer: Nine monomer unitsDecamer: 10 monomer unitsDodecamer: 12 monomer unitsEicosamer: 20 monomer units

Vacationing Under the Big Sky Free Essays

In an obscure land lies Lone Mountain Peak. It soars into the Montana sky at 11,166 feet, and towers over the tiny community of Big Sky. This remote area is home to the Big Sky Ski Resort that was built in the 1970’s by the late news broadcaster Chet Huntley. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacationing Under the Big Sky or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also houses the newly built Moonlight Basin Resort. The small town of Big Sky has grown to be one of Montana’s most sought out year-round playground for recreationists. During the summer months, Big Sky is a golfer’s paradise, a fly fisher’s sanctuary and a whitewater rafter’s dream. As the temperature drops and winter emerges, strap on a set of snow skis and tear up the softest powder on one of 220 ski trails. Of course if Lone Mountain is too difficult of an undertaking, then hop on a snowmobile and take a nice and peaceful trip through the scenic trails of the Gallatin National Forest. Gallatin National Forest spans across 1. 8 million acres of land and includes six mountain ranges. As anyone can see, whether travelers are looking for a summer or winter destination, Big Sky Montana offers many fun-filled activities to meet everyone’s needs. In the beginning Big Sky was not the hotspot it is today. The U. S. obtained the territory that is now the State of Montana with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. During this time the territory was home to twelve Indian tribes, the Blackfeet, the Crow, and the Sioux just to name a few. The Indians called this territory â€Å"the first best place† and to them the land was very sacred. In the late 1890s, homesteaders began to settle in this area which prompted the U. S. and the Tribal Nations to construct a treaty creating what we know today as Indian reservations. In 1902, Augustus Franklin Crail, a small time rancher set up his homestead in what is now called Big Sky’s Meadow. After this, Big Sky was known as home to a small group of ranchers. In 1973, retired NBC newscaster Chet Huntley opened Big Sky Resort, and finally saw his dream come to life. Unfortunately, Huntley died of lung cancer in 1974 and never got to see its full potential. After his death, Boyne USA Resorts purchased the ski mountain and soon after Big Sky began to develop into what it is today. In 1995, Big Sky Resort built the Lone Peak Tram, escalating Big Sky’s vertical drop to 4,180 feet. In 2003, Moonlight Basin Resort opened its doors on the North side of Lone Peak. This resort was built to cater to adults seeking a rejuvenating getaway. In 2006, the two resorts partnered up to offer the Lone Peak Ticket, creating the biggest skiing area in America which is a total of, 5,512 acres. Today, Big Sky’s year-round population only adds up to about 2,200 residents. The ski mountain attracts 400 more seasonal residents in the winter, plus thousands of travelers from all over the world. As a result of the partnership and one of the largest ski areas around, the slopes are seldom crowded and Big Sky maintains its genuine small-town vibe. As the summer months approach and Big Sky thaws out the land comes to life. The summer season starts in June and ends in September. This is the best time to see the state’s historical, cultural and sightseeing attractions. Yellowstone National Park is a great choice for a passionate photographer looking for the next amazing shot. The park is swarming with an array of wildlife and astonishing natural features such as geysers and hot springs. In addition to sightseeing Big Sky offers many activities for the outdoor enthusiast. First go horseback riding in the fresh air through the Gallatin Valley. And then, jump on a mountain bike and navigate down one of many treacherous trails at Moonlight Basin. Next, take a chair lift ride through the tree tops to one of the three zip lines sure to thrill the adrenaline junky. Finally, take a swing at one of the three challenging golf courses designed by professional golfers. As far as Big Sky fishing the possibilities are endless. Madison and Gallatin Rivers sustain populations of Cutthroat, Rainbow, Brown and Brook trout as well as native Montana White Fish and Arctic Grayling. The Gallatin River also presents the most challenging rapids for the eager kayaker or whitewater rafter. When the snow falls, Big Sky flourishes. Skiers and snowboarders flock to Big Sky to shred up the largest area of ski terrain in North America. Skiing and snowboarding are Big Sky’s most popular winter activity. Altogether, Big Sky Resort and Moonlight Basin offer 5,512 acres, 220 ski runs, and 4,350 vertical feet, of accessible ski terrain. The twenty-six lifts are capable of moving 35,000 people per hour, but usually only carry about 2,500 riders per day. As a result there is no such thing as long waits in line at the lifts. For the kids at heart, Big Sky recently added an area to zip down a 500-foot run on a sled-like inner tube. In addition, explore hundreds of miles of trails in Big Sky and nearby areas via a snowmobile. There is a 120-mile trail designated just for this between Bozeman and West Yellowstone called the Big Sky Snowmobile Trail. On this ride you will see incredible snow covered mountain vistas and a wide variety of wildlife. Another popular form of transportation is a horse-drawn sleigh. Whether it is a romantic dinner for two or a relaxing outing with the whole family, the enchantment of a horse-drawn sleigh ride is sure to be an unforgettable one. Journey through and discover Yellowstone National Park by way of a snowmobile, snow coach, ski, or snowshoe. Most of the wildlife and geothermal sites are still active in Yellowstone during the winter months. However, tourists are few and far between. The parks wide variety of wildlife roams freely through the winter wonderland. Another site to be seen is when boiling water from one of the many hot springs breaks through the frozen surface hissing steam into the cold winter air. Winter in Yellowstone is spectacular, making it a surprisingly picturesque time to visit. Over the past forty years, Big Sky Montana has grown from a small ski town into a frequently sought out vacation destination. With the endless list of both summer and winter activities who could deny the fact that Big Sky is an awesome place to visit? In short, Big Sky Montana started out as one man’s dream and has flourished into one of the most desirable vacation destinations. Work Cited All Trips: Big Sky Montana. All Trips, 1995/2012. Web. 28 Aug. 2012 This website is a tell all guide for prospective vacationers looking to explore Big Sky Montana. It describes in depth the area’s geographical statistics such as maps, elevation, and general location. It also lists recreational activities for the spring, summer and winter months like: hiking, fishing, skiing, snowmobiling, horseback riding, and sightseeing in Yellowstone National Park. It describes lodging at Big Sky Resort, and Moonlight Basin Resort, and also mentions the local entertainment and dining options. The site has many links to other related websites that would also be helpful in exploring the area. This website is a very reliable and helpful resource for writing my essay. It gave me the information I needed to accurately describe what Big Sky Montana has to offer to vacationers. Big Sky Montana. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Aug. 2012 This website is a guide to exploring the remote area of Big Sky Montana. It provides you with all the necessary information pertinent to the area like he terrain, including the details of the mountains surrounding the area. It lists and gives a brief description of all the activities, lodging, local entertainment, and current events. The main page also has a link to look for vacancy at all the local resorts and hotels. It is a one stop place to answer all your questions about vacationing in Big Sky Montana. This website is a very reliable and helpful resource for writing my essay. It gave me the information I needed for my essay to accurately describe what the small town of Big Sky Montana has to offer to its vacationers. Juneau, Denise. â€Å"Indian Education for All: Montana Indians – Their History and Location. † Montana Office of Public Instruction, April 2009. Web. 5 Oct 2012 This eighty-three page pamphlet was published as an educational tool by the State of Montana’s Public Instruction Office for use in Montana’s public schools. It discusses in length the history, culture and traditions of each of the twelve Montana Indian tribes. It explains the changes that have occurred since the treaty between the U. S. and Tribal Nations which formed the Indian reservations that are still there today. Lastly it lists chronologically each major event that impacted the Indian tribes. This list starts in 1972 with Montana legislature adopting a new article stating that the State recognizes the unique cultural heritage of the American Indian, and committing to its educational goals to the preservation of their cultural heritage. This article supplied the facts on needed for my essay about the history of the territory which is now the State of Montana. Moonlight Basin Resort. N. p. ,n. d. Web. 4 Oct 2012 How to cite Vacationing Under the Big Sky, Papers

Gangs A Violent Reality Essay Example For Students

Gangs: A Violent Reality Essay Gangs: A Violent RealityGangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in todayscities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being ina gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answerto these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term theanswers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result ofhuman beings personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectivelyend gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to theindividual Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking atthe way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence topoint the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media,the government, theater, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teensin gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all soundglamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is notyet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part timegang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough tomake kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomesmore acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average childspends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody cancompletely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watchingthe TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, soother ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows ontelevision today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gangsperspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully that gangsare living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang existence asacceptable. The Ends Justifies the Means mentality is also taught throughmany shows where the goody guy captures the bad guy through violence and isthen being commended. A young child sees this a perfectly acceptable because heknows that the bad guy was wrong but has no idea of what acceptableapprehension techniques are . Gore in television also takes a big part in influencing young minds. Children see gory scenes and are fascinated by these things that they have notseen before. Older viewers see gore and are not concerned with the blood butrather with the pain the victim must feel. A younger mind doesnt make thisconnection. Thus a gore fascination is formed, and has been seen in several ofmy peers. Unfortunately kids raised with this sort of television end up growingup with a stronger propensity to becoming a violent gang member or violent-acceptant person. Gangs bring the delinquent norms of society into intimate contact withthe individual.1, (Marshall B Clinard, 1963). So, as you can see if TV leads achild to believe that violence is the norm this will manifest itself in theactions of the child quite, often in a gang situation. This is especially thecase when parents dont spend a lot of time with their kids at the TV explainingwhat is right and what is wrong. Quite often newer books and some types ofmusic will enforce this type of thought and ideas. Once this mentality is installed in youngsters they become increasinglyprone to being easily pushed into a gang situation by any problem at home orelsewhere. For instance, in poor families with many children or upper-middleclass families where parents are always working, the children will often feeldeprived of love. Parents can often feel that putting food on the table isenough love. Children of these families may often go to the gang firstly out ofboredom and to belong somewhere. As time goes on, a form of love or kinshipdevelops between the gang members and the child. It is then that the bondbetween the kid and the gang is completed because the gang has effectively takenthe place of the family. .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 , .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .postImageUrl , .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 , .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:hover , .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:visited , .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:active { border:0!important; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:active , .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3 .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u424a278bf1d43f9960cbd2e853d1b8c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayThe new anti social structure of cities also effects the ease in which aboy/girl can join a gang. The formation of gangs in cities, and most recentlyin suburbs, is facilitated by the same lack of community among parents. Theparents do not know what their children are doing for two reasons: First, muchof the parents lives is outside the local community, while the childrens livesare lived almost totally within it. Second, in a fully developed community, thenetwork of relations gives every parent, in a sense, a community of sentries whocan keep him informed of his childs activities. In modern living-places (cityor suburban), where such a network is attenuate d, he no longer has suchsentries.2, (Merton Nisbet, 1971). In male gangs problems occur as each is the members tries to be the mostmanly. This often leads to all members participating inone-up-manship. Quiteoften this will then lead to each member trying to commit a bigger and moreviolent crime or simply more crimes than the others. With all membersparticipating in this sort of activity it makes for a never ending unorganizedviolence spree (A sort of Clockwork Orange mentality). In gangs with moreintelligent members these feelings end up making each member want to be the starwhen the groups commit a crime. This makes the gang much more organized andimproves the morale of members which in turn makes them more dangerous and veryhard for the police to deal with and catch (There is nothing harder to find anddeal with than organized teens that are dedicated to the group). This sort ofgang is usually common of middle or upper class people although it can happenin gangs in the projects and other low rent districts too. This one-up-manship is often the reason between rival gangs fighting. All gangs feel powerful and they want to be feared. To do this they try toestablish themselves as the only gang in a certain neighborhood. After a fewgang fights hatred forms and gang murders and drive-bys begin to take place. When two gangs are at war it makes life very dangerous for citizens in the area. Less that 40% of drive-bys kill their intended victim yet over 60% do killsomeone. This gang application is one of the many reasons that sexualstereotypes and pressure to conform to the same must be stopped. Lastly one of the great factors in joining a gang is for protection. Although from an objective point of view, we can see joining a gang brings moredanger than it saves you from, this is not always the way it is seen by kids. In slums such as the Bronx or the very worst case, Compton, children will nodoubt be beaten and robbed if they do not join a gang. Of course they canprobably get the same treatment from rivals when in a gang. The gang alsoprovides some money for these children who quite often need to feed theirfamilies. The reason kids think that the gang will keep them safe is frompropaganda from the gangs. Gang members will say that no one will get hurt andmake a public show of revenge if a member is hurt or killed. People in low rent areas are most often being repressed due to povertyand most importantly, race. This often results in an attitude that motivatesthe person to base his/her life on doing what the system that oppresses themdoesnt want. Although this accomplishes little it is a big factor in gangenrollment. So, as you have seen gangs are a product of the environment we havecreated for ourselves. Some of these factors include: oppression, the media,greed, violence and other gangs. There seems to be no way to end the problem ofgangs without totally restructuring the modern economy and value system. Sincethe chance of this happening is minimal, we must learn to cope with gangs andtry to keep their following to a minimum. Unfortunately there is no realorganized force to help fight gangs. Of course the police are supposed to dothis but this situation quite often deals with racial issues also and the policeforces regularly display their increasing inability to deal fairly with theseissues. What we need are more people to form organizations like the GuardianAngels a gang-like group that makes life very tough for street gangs that arebreaking laws. .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee , .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .postImageUrl , .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee , .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:hover , .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:visited , .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:active { border:0!important; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:active , .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ce3b0fcaf9f62c6b74d670e2f789fee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ephesians 2 EssayBibliographyMargot Webb, Coping with Street Gangs. Rosen Publishing Group, New York, 1990. William Foote Whyte, Street Corner Society. University of Chicago, Chicago,1955. Peter Carroll, South-Central. Hoyte and Williams, L. A., 1987. 1 Marshall B. Clinard, Sociology of Deviant Behavior. University of Wisconsin,Wisconsin, 1963, Page 179. 2 Merton Nisbet, Contempory Social Problems. Harcourt, Brace World, New York,1971, Page 588.

CAVA unit Sample

CAVA unit Paper Graded Assignment Lab Report Answer the questions below. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit. (6 points) 1. Using the diagram below, tell me where each of the following occurs: 1. Anode: 2. Cathode: C 3. Beat Score O. Ere: Positive terminal: G 4. Negative terminal:H 5. Where oxidation occurs: F (8 points; 2 for each description) 1 . Describe the results of your procedure with both the coin and the nail. Include the reverse procedure you did with the coin and the key. Answer: Procedure Description of Results Coin Electroplating The coin is coated in copper Coin Reverse Electroplating The copper on the coin is removed Key Electroplating The key is coated with copper Key Reverse Electroplating The copper on the key is removed (6 points) 1 . Write the two half-reactions that occur in this electroplating process. Be sure to include the states of the elements or ions. Half-Reaction Reaction Equation Oxidation Reaction Cue (s) > Cue+2 (as) + e- Reduction Reaction Cue+2 (as) + e- > Cue (s) O. Grading Template: Please do not edit below. Note: You may correct and re-submit this lab for a higher score. Please please please please use the Unit 6 Lab Walworth that I created. If you have any questions about how to do this lab, please ask them in the Unit 6 Lab Question Forum. Score Breakdown: Question 1: +6 (out of 6) Question 2: +8 (out of 8) Question 3: +6 (out of 6) Retake policy and how to get help: You may correct and re-submit this lab for a higher score. Please please please please use the Unit 6 Lab Walworth that I created. If you have any questions about how to do this lab, please ask them in the Unit 6 Lab Question Forum. We will write a custom essay sample on CAVA unit specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on CAVA unit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on CAVA unit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

national debate over slavery essays

national debate over slavery essays The National Debate over Slavery in 17 -1860 was important. Events from the cotton gin, to the Dred Scott case all played an important roll in slavery and history. Here are a couple more. In June 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed. It was a statement of reasons for the separation between Britain. The declaration sited that "all men are created equal." It meant that people shouldnt be judged by the color of their skin nor their religion. Throughout the whole declaration, amendments have been added to make the world more equal. For example, the fifteenth amendment granted African American males the right to vote, and then in 1920 the nineteenth amendment granted women the right to vote. African Americans could not help in the Declaration of Independence. The three-fifths compromise was at the constitutional convention. It called for three fifths of a states slave population to be counted for purposes of representation. If slaves were to be included in a state population count, the southern sates with their many slaves, would go into great power in the House of Representatives. If they were counted, southern states would be weak in the house. The African Americans still werent allowed to vote and their interests wouldnt be represented in congress. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. He had noticed how long it took to clean cotton seeds from the cotton fibers. The cotton gin was a machine that separated the seeds from raw cotton fibers. Thus the cotton gin helped keep the southern states a land of slavery and of farming, while the northern states became a land of free labor and of industry. The development of the cotton mill industry in the north was cheap cotton which equaled free labor which than equaled a huge profit for the companies. The Missouri Compromise was signed into law in 1820. It is also called The Compromise of 1820. It had two main points. First ...

Social Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Web - Essay Example There are many ways in which the ICT is affecting the people and the society (Walter, 2001). People are witnessing the developments and innovation in different ICT fields like computers and internet, telecommunications and mobile telephone, mass media, travelling facilities and many more. ICT has very strong and direct impacts upon the human development and society. It not only serves the society as a whole but also tends to improve and develop the individual position of the people. There are several aspects of human and social lives that are facing the ICT effects. ICT developments are reshaping the cultural values of societies. ICT do lot of beneficial functions for the mental growth of humans. It facilitates the people to communicate in better ways, develop good understandings about different things and have deep knowledge and instant information about the events occurring in any part of the world (Kraut, 2006). The social networking sites over the last decade stand as new options provided by ICT that have facilitated the society by providing them interesting and attractive ways of interacting with the people. These sites have provided new and innovative ways of communication to the people having strong impacts upon their ways of interaction with the others. Overall, these sites support the human interaction regardless of space and time differences and make it easier for the people to remain in contact with the people they already know as well as to expand their social circle by finding out people of their interests on these networks. Social Networking Websites and Society The advent of advanced technology has paved the ways for certain new ways of social interaction. People of today’s technology driven world are provided with broad assortment of opportunities of social networking through internet (Wellman, 2007). The dotcom sphere is filled with several social networks striving hard for their survival and popularity among the internet punters. The ap plications like Face book, Twitter, Flickr and MySpace have evolved as popular online social networking means that have succeeded to attain the attention of the considerable portion of internet users through effective management and coherent leadership styles (Kazeniac, 2009). These networks are based on the ideas of providing people a platform to facilitate the process of online social networking however; the interface, interaction means and styles of these networks are notably different from each others. (Wellman, 2007) These applications provide the prospect of social interaction through numerous advanced options however; their approaches towards the attainment of this goal are entirely different that is clearly visible in their interfaces and styles of presenting information and options of maintaining social connections. These networks have picked up distinctive leadership style to lead the group of internet users looking for unique and advanced manners of communication and conn ections. Their distinctive leadership styles and strategies have worked towards maintaining difference in their popularity, effectiveness and stability within the industry. These social networking sites use to place wide range of options in front of the users and these networks are popular among different user groups like youngsters, business professionals, educationalists and households. The reasons behind the success and popularity of these networks include proficient and adequate management of the marketing and operational strategies,

Main Aspects Of Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Main Aspects Of Consumer Behavior - Essay Example The fact that the customer likes the product and is satisfied with it means that the product has positive attributes. Recalled attribute information with respect to a product strongly influences the product choices and buying decision of the consumer (Hoyer & MacInnis, 2008). Environmental Impact: This falls under the social, ethical and moral values. It is known that consumer behavior is more closely connected to social, moral and ethical behavior of a consumer. As the consumer is concerned with the environment, the poor ratings of the product can negatively influence her decision making with respect to the product. Quality and Pricing: The consumer also has information about the quality and pricing of the product. In the current context, quality and pricing favors the product and is bound to positively impact the decision making (Hoyer & MacInnis, 2008). 2 What theoretical approach(es) best explain(s) this situation and how the consumer might cope with it? Remember to cover the main aspects of the theory/theories you use and explain how exactly they apply in this case. (max 2 pages) The current situation involves pro-social consumerism and ethical consumerism. Pro-social consumption is based on the ideology that one’s action must benefit others or society as a whole. In the current context, purchasing a product must not have negative effects on the society or the environment which is not the case. Being an environmentally concerned, the consumer, in this case, will tend to incline towards pro-social consumption as she is aware now that the product that she is buying has negative effects on the environment. Ethical consumerism is the practice of buying products or boycotting products that are produced by unethical means.

The Advent Of New Media Media Essay

The Advent Of New Media Media Essay Introduction The advent of new media has had a direct and irreversible impact on the foundations of journalism practice. They have brought about changes which caused reporters to renew their skills and change their long established working habits. With the constant evolution of new technological tools, along with web-based platforms and technologies, the various working definitions of what journalism was about in the past seem to have lost their coherence. Furthermore, the presence of new media and the importance of ICT in newsrooms remain undeniable. Leaving aside the definitions issue, it appears that new technologies have redefined the whole concept of what a modern reporter should be like, as well as the knowledge and characteristics he is expected to possess. Due to time and technologies, the skills todays journalists should hold have evolved, whilst those grasped by old school reporters aspire to be renewed. Despite the willingness of business organisations to turn to ICT, it appears that the labour force encounters difficulties to make the most out of it. Logically, the first plausible reason we are tempted to put forth is the lack of training or poor knowledge in ICT. However, there seem to be other unknown factors which hinder the optimum use of new media in newsrooms. To be able to identify the causal factors to the issues mentioned, a case study of a Mauritian media house will be carried out through a questionnaire survey and interviews. The latter will be done among press, radio and web reporters of Le Dà ©fi Media Group to better understand how, why and to which extent new media is utilized in newsrooms. This organisation has been chosen due the strategic position it occupies on the local market. In addition, the firm manages radio, press and web reporters, all under the same roof; which is not the case in other local media houses. The group also offers a variety of publications targeting several types of publicsHence, Le Dà ©fi Media Groups context . particular context diversity for disseminating news Due to the strategic position it occupies in the local media market, Le Dà ©fi Media Group has been chosen as the host firm for this study. Since its creation in 1996, the news group has been able to forge its own identity, and is highly regarded by Mauritian media consumers. This has been proved in a survey performed by Synthà ¨ses Mauritius. The report ranks the media house as the second most powerful news group following La Sentinelle Ltd. (Anon., 2013) As such, Le Dà ©fi Media Group has two newspapers ranked among the top five preferred weeklies, and its Le Dà ©fi Quotidien is the second most read daily in the country. Nervertheless, Synthà ¨ses Mauritius claims that Le Dà ©fi Media Groups website In bold, this research shall attempt to determine whether new media is used intelligently by reporters, to identify the causes behind which new media is not fully exploited during journalism practice, shall assess as to how reporters make use of the facilities provided by new media and whether they are making the most out of the technological infrastructures offered by the organisation itself. The Literature Review Defining Journalism For years now, dictionaries and encyclopaedias have been providing us with definitions, in relevance with the periods during which they were published. Though the older ones are believed to be outdated, the descriptive meanings printed at different periods in time might as well enable us to retrace the etymological meanings of words. As such, The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1963) qualifies the journalist as being one whose business is to edit or write for a public journal. A more recent definition from the dictionarys website states that he is the one who writes for newspapers or magazines or prepares news to be broadcast on radio or television. This definition does provide supplementary dimensions, yet excluding vital notions relating journalism to new media. (Oxford Dictionaries: The worlds most trusted dictionaries, 2013) According to Jo Bardoel and Mark Deuze (2001), such definitions are outdated. The authors highlight the need for broader ones, calling for more actualised and modern explanations. Furthermore, Picard (2000) tries to provide an up to date definition of journalism. More than just a product or service, he describes it as being a mental activity that provides added value to news, be it in terms of features, commentaries, photographs or entertainment. Although the authors definition evokes the presence of new media, his study lays emphasis more on quality in journalistic activity, without clearly defining the intrinsic link existing between the two. Linking Journalism to New Media With new media came a bunch of additional journalistic roles. Long ago reporters were only expected to attend events and press conferences to collect the information necessary for building up their articles. Pieces were handwritten first, and then handed over to typists who would put them in a proper format. Similarly, photographers, cameramen, and sound technicians were hired to assume their respective and assigned responsibilities. Journalism in the 21st century turned out to be quite the opposite. Mark Briggs (2007) claims that the characteristics of the modern reporter have evolved due to the advent of new technological tools. According to him, todays journalists should be polyvalent, and be able to manipulate any type of given media. They should be trained to click their own photographs, be ready to video and audio record, or have editing knowledge for instance. Hence, only those having multi-tasking capabilities will be coveted and rewarded. Due to the pace at which new media mutate, the reporter should have the ability to renew himself as frequently as required. Quick adaption and versatility come as vital traits which shall be decisive while differentiating between a competent reporter and a less efficient one. According to Briggs (2007), the old adages claiming that a reporter should be good anywhere does not have its rationale. Today, he is expected to be able to cope with the constant technological and situational changes. The author further argues that the advent of new media has led to a new form of journalistic model. As such, the contemporary reporter shall be a jack of all trades and master of none, a person who can write, shoot, edit, talk, and look good on camera with a competence that might not be great but good enough. (Briggs, 2007) Moreover, Bardoel and Deuze consider online journalism as being a fourth type of journalism, next to radio, television and printed reporting. They argue that the role of an online journalist is not limited to copying text onto websites, but that they also generate their own content, in the same way as would a mainstream reporter. For this reason, the researchers believe that journalism is believed to be very similar to any other kind of journalism. (Bardoel Deuze, 2001) In addition, they sustain that online reporting comprises of characteristics which are usually inexistent in mainstream media. Interactivity, customisation of content, hypertextuality and multimediality are said to be the characteristics which contribute to the singularity of this type of journalism. Hence, the fundamental processes namely production, content and distribution, which were carried out using several medium, can now be done through only one platform. (Bardoel Deuze, 2001) Interactivity is described by Brent Muirhead (2005) as being related to communication, participation and feedback. This feature is one of the major forces of online journalism. It allows room for audiences to react to items published on the web. Be it in the form of comments, ratings, votes, pools, likes or shares for instance, readers have become reactive. Supporting this view, Briggs indicates that readers are no more passive. Instead, they wish to create, share and comment, and expect to be able to do this on news websites as well. It might be advantageous for the reporter to promote interactivity. Firstly, enabling the comments options on new websites shall leave the door open for readers criticisms, which the journalist might take into account while writing his next piece. Moreover, readers often wish to contact reporters to share their appreciation, or to provide news as sources. In this case, placing email links next to news stories might be helpful. On the other hand, Briggs encourages journalists to be proactive. He states that it is necessary to seek feedback on stories, before being published. This can be done by posting a call to readers by sending emails to a list of potential respondents. In case general comments are required for a story, the author advices to send block emails to as many readers as possible to obtain exploitable responses. In his study, Briggs further highlights the use of new media as contemporary tools. He states the case of John Cook, a well-known business reporter for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. The latter claimed being an intensive user of RSS feeds, and used them to track and obtain information in a more timely manner. (Briggs, 2007) This in turn, allowed him to publish information online very quickly. Journalism quality and productivity New media has brought various professional fields, including journalism, to a brand new level. In the Mauritian context, through a survey, the National Computer Board (NCB) was able to generate a list of business sectors which recorded highest internet usage in the country. The latter demonstrates that the storage and communication sector features alongside those sectors which use the internet extensively, hence implying the direct involvement of the journalism sector. (ICT Usage Survey 2001: A survey on the ICT adoption of businesses in Mauritius, 2002) Depending on a media houses editorial policy, it might be willing to either lay emphasis on quality or quantity. By this statement, I do not mean to suggest that both of them cannot go about simultaneously, but that it is instead one of the most difficult and most challenging goal of an editor. Due to time constraints, short notice assignments and deadlines, reporters are often brought to choose between the two. For instance, in view of the approaching submission deadline, a journalist might build a news item which is less qualitative, be it in the way it is organised, or in the chosen wording. The urge to submit news, added to the pressurising attempts of the editor in chief to make things go quicker undeniably have their role to play. Nowadays, the challenges involved in journalism practice are greater. In the past, competition did not affect the whole processes implicated in newsmaking. In comparison, the journalism models adopted in newsrooms by the end of the twentieth century demonstrate quite the opposite. The major focus has experienced a shift from quality to productivity. This phenomenon can be explained as being the result of rising material and labour costs, and the inability of firms to recover those costs. In addition, the advent of new technologies has also contributed to balancing the costs. By using less reporters along with new technological tools, media houses managements were able to reduce man power, and make more efficient use of fewer journalists. (Picard, 1998) Social Networks as Journalistic Tools The use of social networking sites as research tools has its importance in journalism, be it for the professional or the citizen writer. I have personally come across professionals who share their articles from their online news site onto their Facebook pages, or others who try to get in touch with contact persons through social networks. In addition, blogging among professionals of high calibre has also become a trend: Rabin Bhujun, Gilbert Ahnee, or Raj Meetarban, own and regularly update theirs. Blogging journalism is free from editorial constraints, and professionals make use of it due to its flexibility. Nowadays, journalists report news in real-time through Twitter. The Guardian claims that as of December 2011, and following the guidance of the lord of chief justice, reporters could tweet the court proceedings without constraint. Tweeting is allowed to the public as well, but on the contrary, they will need to seek permission first. (DAVIES, C., 2011) Multimedia Journalism and Convergence According to authors, there are some terms which occupy a vital part in contemporary journalism. Convergence and multimedia newsrooms are some of them. It has been argued that those two terms are closely linked, and that they very often seem to work in together. (Deuze, 2004) As far as multimedia journalism is concerned, it is said to have two definitions. Author Mark Deuze (2004) provides two situational descriptions in his study. Firstly, it is defined as the layout of a news story on a website, which uses at least two types of media formats, like graphics, images, and music for instance. In the second place, the same definition applies but this time with different media such as website, email, radio, television, just to name a few. On the other hand, convergence poses itself as a collaborative participation between previously distinct newsrooms, or other parts of the contemporary media firm. It might be sharing news from other newsrooms, or collaborating on similar projects. (Deuze, 2004) Company Profile of Le Dà ©fi Media Group Having launched itself in the media industry through the weekly Le Dà ©fi Plus, the formerly small company turned into Le Dà ©fi Media Group. As of date, the group is one of the most powerful media houses in Mauritius. Through the years the group has tried to diversify its operations by creating more newspapers, and launching its radio station in 2002. More recently, acute interest has been paid to the various functions provided by the web. Following the opening of its interactive news website, the group aims at developing its own web television. This initiative is a truly innovative one in Mauritius, as it is the first formerly printed news media organisation to extend its field of activities till audiovisual webcasting. Furthermore, it appears that the model proposed by Deuze (2004) perfectly fits the actual status of the firm. As per the authors description, the media house fits the portrayal of a fully integrated media newsroom. The specificities of this type of newsroom is that news reporters from print, broadcast and online media work in hand to produce content, and prepare story packages which are to be disseminated across all media. (Deuze, 2004) Similarly, journalists from the group are sometimes asked to produce media content which is not in their area of predilection. Press reporters are frequently called to make on the spot radio interventions, or journalists doing a specific news beat might be asked to collaborate in producing content for other beats as well. Hence journalism itself is perceived as a product, not the printed or broadcast news (Picard, 1998). As such, it appears that this dose of flexibility, mixed with cross media ownership and convergence form part of the corporate culture of the media house. The groups news website is another interesting asset. Despite being one of the last local media companies to launch one, its popularity remains undeniable. Each day, a considerable amount of responses is recorded, be it in terms of ratings, comments, shares or views. In contradiction to other firms, ledefimedia.info is the only news website to accommodate all its media content on the same platform. The website not only regroups texts from written newspapers, but also proposes videos and transcriptions of audio reports broadcast on the radio. Research Methodology The Research Process The Research Methodology is a critical phase in a research. It provides an overview of the approach to be used, starting from theoretical groundwork to collection, analysis and data interpretation (Collins Hussey, 2003). No two research processes are exactly the same. Yet, they all follow a similar flow through the elementary procedures involved in academic investigations. As such a problem is to be defined, research objectives are to be set, research procedures designed, and data is to be assembled and analysed. (Burns Bush, 1998) Problem Definition The primary aim of this study is to analyse whether or not the use of new media is extensive in newsrooms. Despite the availability of necessary office tools and equipments, the basis of this research shall be to obtain answers as to why new media are not fully exploited by reporters working individually on news items. Moreover, the importance of social platforms as working tools shall be assessed. In addition, the research will stress on the media houses news website, by determining whether the news authors make optimum use of the interactive functions available online. Research Objectives Initial Research Objectives This list of objectives has been set prior to the documentation process and before writing the literature review. These preset objectives are employed as starting points for the research, leaving room for a more in depth study later on. The list is as follows: To assess how reporters use new media in their daily routine To determine the types of new media preferred by journalists To define the changes which new media have brought about To determine the implications of using new media To determine whether age is a deterrent for using new media To determine whether different types of reporters use new media differently To determine whether the use of different types of new media varies depending on news beat Refined Research Objectives Following the previous one, a new set of objectives has been built based on the findings of the exploratory research made throughout the literature review. The new objectives are as follows: To assess the extent to which new media is used by reporters To identify the different types of new media used, and identify the preferred ones To uncover the reasons pushing reporters to make use of new media To determine whether the organisational new media platforms at their avail are used fully To establish whether social platforms are helpful during the process of acquiring news To assess whether age influences the overall utilisation of new media To determine whether educational background impacts on the general use of new media Research Design A research design can be explanatory, exploratory or descriptive (Yin, 1994). In view of the aims and objectives set, and provided that this study aims at obtaining answers which might be applicable to other situations than the ones already dealt with in this study, it can be assumed that the explanatory case study shall be the most appropriate research design. Hypothesis Development Following the findings generated by the literature review, it can be deduced that (1) reporters seem to be unaware of the multiplicities of new media (2) the term new media is often confused with ICT or the internet (3) new media allow additional possibilities and functions which were not possible in the old school journalism days. Hypothesis 1 H0: New media are used extensively by reporters H1: New media are not used extensively by reporters Hypothesis 2 H0: Different types of new media are used by journalists H1: Different types of media are not used by journalists Hypothesis 3 H0: Reporters have a preference for a certain type of new media H1: Reporters do not have any preference for any type of media Hypothesis 4 H0: The organisational new media platforms are used fully H1: The organisational new media platforms are not used fully Hypothesis 5 H0: Social platforms are helpful during the process of acquiring news H1: Social platforms are not helpful in the process of acquiring news Hypothesis 6 H0: Age does influence the overall utilisation of new media H1: Age does not influence the overall utilisation of new media Hypothesis 7 H0: Educational background does impact on the general use of new media H1: Educational background does not impact on the general use of new media Data Collection Design Right from the beginning of the research, it has been decided that the method of data collection would be questionnaire dissemination. As such, they would prove to be helpful as they shall be less time consuming than classic face to face interviews. Moreover, the questionnaire dissemination shall be done by email, and as printed fill out forms. The use of both methods will allow more flexibility, for as reporters are constantly on the move, they might find it easier to fill in the forms online.

Breaking Dawn Edward’s Pov Essay

â€Å"I miss you already.† â€Å"I don’t need to leave. I can stay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Mmm.† It was the eve of our wedding and Bella and I were lying in her narrow bed together, as was our habit. Though it was August, she was wrapped in her usual swaddling blanket, a protection against the chill of my skin. The bulky afghan did not prevent Bella’s hands from wandering about, exploring the unclothed parts of my body. If she had her way, both of us would be even less clothed. I found shirtless to be challenge enough. With Bella’s fingers probing the outlines of each muscle and bone above my waistband, her lips on mine, I was both awash in pleasure and sinking into concern. Some might call it performance anxiety and I could not deny it. When one’s performance was a matter of life and death, there was no shame in that. Bella dragged her tongue across my top lip and a surge of desire shot through me. It was all I could do to remain still and let the sensation fade. If she were a vampire, I would have rolled on top of her, stripped off the bulky afghan and pressed my entire body into hers. I would have kissed her passionately, tasting her lips, her tongue, and pulling her as close to me as the laws of physics would allow. Ahhh†¦ I groaned and retreated from her caressing hands and her delicious, warm tongue. â€Å"Wait,† Bella murmured, clutching my arms. I watched as she kicked her right leg free from the blanket and wrapped it around my waist. â€Å"Practice makes perfect.† I chuckled. I’d heard that one before. Numerous times. â€Å"Well, we should be fairly close to perfection by this point, then, shouldn’t we? Have you slept at all in the last month?† â€Å"But this is the dress rehearsal,† she protested, â€Å"and we’ve only practiced certain scenes. It’s no time for playing safe.† Playing safe. My body froze as I considered how easy it would be to break Bella’s arm, or tear out a handful of her beautiful hair, or snap her spine, or†¦ â€Å"Bella†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don’t start this again. A deal’s a deal.† â€Å"I don’t know. It’s too hard to concentrate when you’re with me like this. I—I can’t think straight. I won’t be able to control myself. You’ll get hurt.† â€Å"I’ll be fine.† â€Å"Bella†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shhh!† Bella put her hands on either side of my face and pressed her lips against mine. I would like to have been distracted by that, but it was too late. My mind was already elsewhere, drifting from the thousand-and-one ways I could harm Bella to enumerating all she was giving up for me†¦her family, her friends†¦her chance to be a mother, to grow old, to become something more than what she was right now. It was too much to sacrifice just to be with me. In my mounting distress, I revisited an argument that Bella and I had had repeatedly. I’d never convinced her before; I don’t know why I thought she might change her mind now. â€Å"It’s not right! I don’t want you to have to make sacrifices for me. I want to give you things, not take things away from you. I don’t want to steal your future. If I were human—† Bella stifled my objections by putting her hand over my mouth. â€Å"You are my future. Now stop. No moping, or I’m cal ling your brothers to come and get you. Maybe you need a bachelor party.† My brothers must have agreed with her, for Emmett’s thoughts suddenly interrupted my own. Maybe we’ll catch them with their clothes off! Hope so. Ha, ha! â€Å"Oh, for the love of all that’s holy!† â€Å"What’s wrong?† â€Å"You don’t have to call my brothers. Apparently Emmett and Jasper are not going to let me bow out tonight.† Bella tightened her grip for a moment before releasing me. â€Å"Have fun,† she said. Perhaps it would be better for Bella if I left. Then I wouldn’t upset her with the â€Å"cold feet† I’d told her I didn’t have. I had no second thoughts about marrying Bella—I could hardly wait to do that! My second thoughts were all about the wedding night. Yes, I should leave. Maybe she would get some sleep if I did. â€Å"If you don’t send Edward out,† Emmett threatened in his best, creepy-monster voice, â€Å"we’re coming in after him!† Bella lau ghed. â€Å"Go! Before they break my house.† Kissing her forehead, I advised, â€Å"Get to sleep. You’ve got a big day tomorrow.† â€Å"Thanks! That’s sure to help me wind down.† â€Å"I’ll meet you at the altar.† I gave her a sly smile. â€Å"I’ll be the one in white,† Bella announced nonchalantly, as if we were planning a rendezvous at the mall. I chuckled at that, considering the anxiety attacks that overcame her every time I mentioned the wedding. â€Å"Very convincing,† I tossed over my shoulder as I leaped out the window. My feet landed squarely on Emmett’s head, knocking him to the ground. â€Å"Dammit, that hurt!† Emmett stage whispered, as he jumped up and took a swing at me. I dodged the punch easily. His thoughts always gave him away. â€Å"You’d better not make him late,† I heard Bella warn my brothers. Jasper leaped up and grabbed the eaves outside Bella’s window. He turned on his soothing vibes. â€Å"Don’t worry, Bella. We’ll get him home in plenty of time.† â€Å"Jasper? What do vampires do for bachelor parties? You’re not taking him to a strip club, are you?† she whispered to Jasper and I had to smile. As if that would be fun for me! No woman had ever affected me like Bella did. Women could dip themselves in blood and parade around naked all day and it wouldn’t do a thing for me. I should know†¦Tanya had tried such tricks many times to get me into her bed. â€Å"Don’t tell her anything!† Emmett hissed at Jasper, earning himself a friendly forearm shove that knocked him to the ground†¦again. I could never beat Emmett if we fought strength to strength, but with my mind-reading skill, he rarely got in a good punch. I laughed at his expression as he stood up and brushed the grass off his jeans. He tried to loo k casual as he readied himself for a â€Å"surprise† counterattack. Just as he launched himself at me, I took off running, knowing he couldn’t catch me at full speed. â€Å"Relax,† I heard Jasper reply to Bella. â€Å"We Cullens have our own version. Just a few mountain lions, a couple of grizzly bears. Pretty much an ordinary night out.† Jasper had told Bella the truth. We would be celebrating our boys’ night out with a hunt. I didn’t need the blood at the moment, but it was still a good idea. If I fed now, then I wouldn’t have to leave Bella to hunt for the first two weeks of our honeymoon. Besides, I only had one more day to remain chaste until Bella and I were married. I did not want to slip-up at this late date—getting out of Bella’s bed would make that a whole lot easier. Running gave me time to think about the last couple of months. As my fiancà ©, Bella had accepted the black credit card with her name on it attached to my account. Like the cell phone, I’d presented it as a â€Å"safety precaution,† but she’d started to use it for other things too, and that had been the point. Bella had quit her job at Newtons Olympic Out fitters, so she didn’t have any pocket money to speak of. I was glad that she’d quit. I preferred not giving Mike Newton the opportunity to gape at and entertain salacious thoughts about my bride-to-be as was his habit. Also, I was happy that we could spend more time together. I didn’t have to part with her company for the three or four days a week she would have worked for what I considered to be spare change. Unless she really liked the job—and I knew that she didn’t—I saw no point in sacrificing our time together. It had been a great summer. The only slight comedown had been the â€Å"father-in-law talk† Charlie had initiated with me. I haven’t encountered many people who could surprise me in the last eighty years, but Charlie was one who could. His mind was so quiet—in the sense of relatively impenetrable to me—that while I could perceive his feelings, I often couldn’t hear the inner dialogue that went with them. I didn’t like the sense of insecurity it gave me not knowing what he was thinking. I was used to having more time to consider how to react to people than I ever had with Charlie. One evening five weeks earlier, Charlie had grabbed my arm as Bella and I were leaving his house for the evening. We’d found a number of private parking spots around the area and we liked to visit them as often as possible. Because he’d surprised me, I reflexively yanked my arm out of his grip at my natural strength. Immediately, he’d put both palms up as if he was surrendering. He’d mistaken my quick reflex as a sign of anger. The interaction reminded me of the television show â€Å"Cops,† in which hooligans whirl around and punch an arresting police officer just on principle. Charlie must get that a lot. I quickly raised my palms to indicate a mutual surrender. I would have smiled if I hadn’t thought Charlie would interpret it as a taunt. Bella had missed our interaction and was continuing toward the car. â€Å"What can I do for you, Charlie?† I inquired politely. â€Å"I was just wondering what your folks think about you proposing to my daughter.† â€Å"Oh, they love her, they really do.† â€Å"That’s not exactly what I meant.† â€Å"No?† I wasn’t going to help him interrogate me. â€Å"No†¦uh†¦I meant what do they think of you getting married right out of high school?† â€Å"Oh! Well, you know they got married quite young themselves. Esme already had Jasper and Rosalie to look after when she met Carlisle. They fell in love and Carlisle wanted to help support the kids, so he proposed when Esme was younger than he might have otherwise. They’ve been extremely happy, so they don’t have any prejudice against getting married young.† â€Å"Do you think you’re old enough to handle this kind of responsibility? That’s my daughter you’re promising to support for the rest of your life. A re you one hundred percent sure that you’re ready for that?† â€Å"I will be there for Bella. I can assure you of that.† â€Å"What if you screw it up and things fall apart?† Charlie pressed. I thought about that for a moment before answering. I knew what he was referring to without having to read his thoughts. â€Å"There are many ways I could mess things up,† I admitted. â€Å"I’ve already made mistakes with Bella. I know that. I wasn’t here for her when she needed me. I swear to you, Charlie, I left because I wanted Bella to have a chance to find somebody better than me. But I found that I couldn’t live without her and so I came back. Jacob might be a better choice for her, but she still wants me and as long as she does, I won’t leave her. I don’t make the same mistakes twice.† Charlie just gave me his dark-eyed, policeman’s stare. I didn’t blame him. He’d watched Bella suffer daily after I abandoned her. Jacob had impressed upon me all the painful details he could summon about that time. â€Å"Jacob’s a good young man,† Charlie finally responded, â€Å"but I wouldn’t want him marrying her at his age, either.† I took another moment to consider my response, and then sighed, knowing I’d never convince him with words. â€Å"The only way to know whether I’ll be good for Bella is with time. I can’t offer you proof, but I love her more than my own life and I will take care of her, Charlie. I just hope that I can make her as happy as she makes me, though I hardly think it’s possible.† Charlie’s stare didn’t change, so I continued. â€Å"If it makes you feel any better, my family is behind us, and you know Carlisle well enough to know that he would never let Bella down†¦even if I did. My family would step in for me. That’s just the way my parents are. They’re great people.† â€Å"I know they are†¦Edward. I trust Carlisle and that’s why I’m not making more of a fuss about this.† I acknowledged his statement with a nod. â€Å"Just so you know, Charlie†¦Bella and I discussed eloping to Las Vegas and marrying without telling anyone. But Bella didn’t want to cut you out of her decision in that way, so we decided to make it a family event.† â€Å"I knew there was something going on!† Charlie exclaimed. â€Å"I had a feeling you two were going to take off together!† â€Å"Bella wants you there to walk her down the aisle, or the stairs, rather. I hope you can see your way clear to do that for her on her day.† Charlie nodded stiffly and I turned to follow Bella to the car. â€Å"That’s a fancy car you got my daughter.† â€Å"Yes, it’s a loaner. Carlisle called in a favor for me. It’s a very safe car.† â€Å"Well, that’s good. You can hardly get a car that’s safe enough to share the roads with all the bad drivers and drunk drivers out there.† â€Å"I agree. Goodnight, Charlie.† â€Å"’Night.† Charlie shut the front door and I saw that Bella was coming back to get me. I hurried toward her. â€Å"What was all that about?† â€Å"Charlie wanted to have a little ‘man-to-man’ talk about his precious daughter, but I told him I agreed with everything he said, so he loves me now.† I grinned and winked at Bella. She didn’t buy it. â€Å"No, what did he really want?† she demanded. â€Å"Tell me, or I’ll march right back and ask him!† I sighed. â€Å"Charlie just wanted to warn me about the dangers of marrying too young and make sure I was knew what I was doing.† â€Å"What did you say?† â€Å"I said that I was old for my age,† I replied, giving her a crooked smile. â€Å"You did not!† â€Å"Sure, why not? I am, aren’t I?† I teased. â€Å"Ancient. I should be grossed out being with you.† â€Å"Fortunately, I still look good and that’s what really counts.† We both laughed and, to my relief, Bella dropped the subject. Bella’s mother, Renee, had flown in two days earlier and Bella was sticking close to her except when our mothers worked on the wedding. It was odd behavior for a bride-to-be, but I wasn’t marrying Bella because she was like everyone else. Quite the opposite. When I’d come home two evenings previous, Renee was visiting Esme. In an attempt to demonstrate her acceptance of me as her almost son-in-law, Renee had dashed across the living room and thrown her arms around my neck. â€Å"Welcome to our family, Edward!† she’d said. I thought perhaps she was overexcited by the trip or by meeting my family. I hadn’t expected such an exuberant greeting, though she had no particular misgivings about Bella marrying me. Renee ended the hug abruptly when her arms encountered my cold, hard self. â€Å"Hmm,† she mumbled as she broke off contact. Hard body! was her thought, and I almost laughed out loud. The picture in her mind was complimentary, not lite ral. She was imagining what my upper body looked like without a shirt. I’d already gotten acquainted enough with Renee when Bella and I went to Florida that I knew she didn’t mean anything by it. A cougar†¦just like Bella, I thought, and smiled to myself. It was a little sad to meet Renee again, knowing that this was the last time Bella would see her, or possibly even talk to her on the phone. As I watched Bella over the course of the two days, I sensed that she was saying her goodbyes. If I’d had to give up Carlisle and Esme to be with Bella, I could have done it. I had given them up once before. But it was hard to accept that I could make Bella happy enough to give up seeing her parents. I’d asked her again last night whether she was prepared to do that and her response had been, â€Å"Are you trying to ditch me?† Then we’d started laughing and the question had gotten lost. My brothers and I didn’t get back from hunting until a couple of hours before the wedding. Esme collared us immediately and sent us to the back garden to hang flower garlands for Alice. It had to be done at the last minute or the August day would wilt them. Alice had prohibited me from going anywhere near where she was preparing Bella, so I headed to my third-floor room to make myself presentable. Alice had changed my old-fashioned tux just enough to convert it from â€Å"vintage† to â€Å"vintage chic,† as she put it. It did look good, I had to admit. I tried to neaten my normally unruly hair. I put some hair gel on it and convinced it to lie down in a semi-orderly fashion. After a time, Jasper came upstairs to tell me that the first guests were arriving. He and Emmett would be ushering them to their seats. Of course, Jasper could have told me that from downstairs, but Alice had specifically asked him to come get me, so that I wouldn’t be parading down the bride’s decorated stairway in full view of the guests. I walked outside through the kitchen door, telling Carlisle that I’d be waiting out back. He and Esme were standing by the front door to greet everyone as they arrived. This was the most important day of my life, but I hoped to have infinitely more wonderful days to enjoy with my Bella. I felt exceedingly fortunate that she wanted me as I wanted her. I could have lost her so easily. I heard the Denali clan arrive and recognized Tanya’s mental voice: Where’s Edward? It will be good to see that man again†¦mmm hmm! Who is this human girl? I can’t imagine Edward with a woman, not even a vampire woman. This will be interesting†¦ I smiled, glad to be escaping Tanya’s clutches for good. She’d given me a hard time when we were living in Alaska. She wasn’t used to being told â€Å"no thank you.† Neither vampires nor humans ever turned down Tanya’s advances. She was beautiful and charming, everything a man could want. She just wasn’t for me and she never could accept that. It was one of the reasons Carlisle decided to move our family farther south. He told everyone that we were too conspicuous and perhaps we were, all there together, but I’d had the chance to hear another reason in his mind—that Tanya can’t leave Edward alone. My father empathized when Tanya had set her sights on me. Carlisle had had plenty of pushy admirers. During his first few weeks at a new hospital, nurses would line up three deep to ogle him. He had to temper that initial interest by telling some number of them that he was happily married, thank you. Of course, he wore a wedding ring, but that didn’t discourage everyone. Once people met Esme, though, they usually stopped chasing Carlisle. She was simply too beautiful, inside and out, to compete with. I know Esme had always worried that I wasn’t fully mature as a man when Carlisle had changed me and that I might never find, or even wish for, a mate. It was true that I wasn’t interested in any of the Denali ladies. And after the trouble I’d had with Rosalie when she joined our family, I didn’t expect anything good could come of such interest anyway. When the Denalis met the only bachelor vampire they’d seen in years, each of them had set about seeking my affection. I didn’t blame them, particularly. Perhaps they’d gotten tired of human men and wanted someone more durable to partner with for a change. I could understand that to a certain degree. I didn’t go inside to greet the Denalis or any of the other arrivals. I couldn’t focus on anyone but Bella—it seemed like such a long time since I’d seen her. I was trying to reason myself out of an irrational fear that she wasn’t really there in our house, that she had changed her mind and would leave me standing alone at the altar. If I listened, I could hear her voice now and then, but I couldn’t hear her thoughts and that had never bothered me so much as it did at that moment. To distract myself, I listened at random to our guests’ thoughts and found that everyone was astonished by the decorations. Alice had put her all into planning this wedding and it showed. The flowers alone were beyond imagining. Exquisitely fragrant arrangements covered every surface of our living room and the reception area outside. Alice was particularly fond of flowers. I thought perhaps it was because she’d been deprived of beauty for so many years at the asylum. Whatever the reason, it was a boon for us all. Rosalie had started playing my grand piano, making the one instrument sound like several. I knew that Pachelbel’s Can on in D was my cue to enter the living room with Carlisle and stand in front of the flower-covered archway. He would come looking for me in the kitchen when the time came, so I walked back into the house. In due course, Carlisle came to retrieve me and after a final, heartfelt hug, we took our assigned places in front of the assembled crowd. I stood, frozen with emotion, and watched anxiously for my beloved to appear at the top of the stairs on her father’s arm. I had waited a lifetime to stand in front of these witnesses and declare my undying devotion to the one and only woman I would ever love. Time had stopped making sense when I finally heard the familiar C-F-F-F notes of â€Å"Here Comes the Bride.† I could not believe my eyes when an angel from heaven began to descend the stairs, one by one, her eyes lowered to watch her feet. It was only when I heard her whisper â€Å"Don’t let me fall, Dad,† that I knew for sure it was Bella†¦my Bella. I fretted for a second that my angel might fall and I readied myself to dash across the room to catch her. Seeing the groom disappear and reappear somewhere else would not go over well with anybody, though I reasoned that all of the guests would be looking at Bella, not at me. Still, perhaps we should have served champagne before the ceremony, just in case something like that did happen†¦but then, Bella was descending the final step. She lifted her face, searching for me. When our eyes finally met, a look of such utter joy crossed her face that I broke into an ecstatic smile. Bella’s feelings often were written on her face, but today her expression was utterly transparent. The adoration in her eyes was unmistakable and I was jubilant enough to break out in song†¦almost. Our eyes remained glued to each other while Bella carefully traversed the fifteen-foot aisle that Alice had kept short to give Bella a fair chance of remaining upright. With the way she looked in that dress, with that makeup, with everything†¦the glow, the scarlet blush, the prisms of tears in her eyes†¦I wanted to rush down the aisle to meet her and carry her back to the altar. But I remained patient, stretching out my palm so that Charlie could place Bella’s hand in mine. He regarded me seriously as he did so and I nodded my thank you to him for his great sacrifice. Charlie seated himself beside Renee, with Phil on her other side, and Bella and I turned to face the minister. I loved the traditional wedding ceremony with its promises and pronouncements, but on this occasion, each word resonated with newly unveiled meaning. When I declared â€Å"I do† to my beloved, I’d never been happier in my life. I wanted to repeat the words in every language I knew. My lovely new wife was overcome with emotion. When I leaned over to kiss her for the first time as her husband, Bella’s arms encircled my neck and she held on a s if she would never let me go. The audience had disappeared—she only had eyes for me. I kissed her with a swell of love and tenderness that made my eyes burn with the tears that didn’t come, and she met my passion with her own. Emotion poured from her as she clung to me, melding her lips with mine as if we were utterly alone in that moment. I did not mind in the least. Bella was happy to be married to me—I could feel it in my bones. When the guests began to titter, I eased my love’s face gently away from mine and looked into her tear-filled eyes. I felt my happiness radiate from me like the heat of a coal fire and I wondered briefly if my skin was sparkling in its glow. When Emmett cleared his throat unsubtly, I turned us both to face the loved ones who had gathered there and everyone broke into smiles and quiet laughter. I could not let go of Bella for a second. I wrapped my arm around her waist and practically carried her down the aisle when she forgot to move her feet. Fortunately, they were hidden by the length of her dress. Another detail that Alice had not overlooked. Bella was so stunningly beautiful that I wasn’t surprised to hear a number of inappropriate thoughts as the reception line shuffled slowly past us and on to the buffet. Alice had timed things well, so that the vampires would not have to step outside until twilight, just in case the sun came out. It was good that she did, because we had a beautiful wedding day with plenty of sunshine filtering through the ancient cedars. I was extraordinarily pleased that Billy Black and Sue and Seth Clearwater had come to the wedding. Despite the Cullens’ official status as â€Å"mortal enemies† of their tribe, the three of them were there in support of Bella and Charlie, and perhaps as a gesture of gratitude to Carlisle as well. Seth was there for me, too. Our friendship had not faded since we’d joined forces to battle Victoria and Riley. â€Å"Congrats, guys,† Seth said, coming toward me with his arms out. I hugged him with one arm while I held Bella tightly with the other. â€Å"It’s good to see things work out for you, man. I’m happy for you.† â€Å"Thank you, Seth. That means a lot to me.† Releasing Seth, I faced Billy and Sue with honest gratitude. I knew they were not there for me. â€Å"Thank you, as well. For letting Seth come. For supporting Bella today.† â€Å"You’re welcome,† Billy replied cordially and I hoped his attitude boded well for the change that was coming. I didn’t know how I was going to approach the Quileute wolf pack about Bella’s upcoming transformation. It was possible that if we left the area to avoid their ancient vendetta, that Jacob still would come to hunt us down. He had no motivation to let me change Bella, but I hoped that he and all the wolves would agree to the one exception to our treaty. Billy wasn’t giving anything away with his thoughts, but Sue’s mind was full of concern about being in a house with so many vampires. As the receiving line moved along, the only slightly awkward moment was introducing Tanya to Bella. â€Å"Ah, Edward, I’ve missed you,† Tanya said, pulling herself close to me in an intimate embrace. She lingered a bit too long in my one-armed hug—on purpose. I chuckled at her audacity as I employed one of Carlisle’s tricks for dealing with forward women†¦to press her shoulder away as if to admire the full length of her. â€Å"It’s been too long, Tanya. You look well.† Though Bella would never believe it, her beauty outshone Tanya’s many t imes over in my eyes. â€Å"So do you,† Tanya replied, a familiar note of longing in her voice. With a great swelling of pride, I interjected, â€Å"Let me introduce you to my wife.† Kate and Carmen giggled at the emphasis. My joy at using that word for the first time sang in my words. â€Å"Tanya, this is my Bella.† Bella had been uncertain about inviting Tanya and her coven, but I’d convinced her that as extended family—orphans, to boot—they must be included. I also wanted Tanya there specifically to underscore the point that I was officially and permanently unavailable. â€Å"Welcome to the family, Bella,† Tanya responded appropriately, if not altogether enthusiastically. â€Å"We consider ourselves Carlisle’s extended family, and I am sorry about the, er, recent incident when we did not behave as such. We should have met you sooner. Can you forgive us?† â€Å"Of course. It’s so nice to meet you,† Bella replied, blushing. I noted the brief flare of excitement among my cousins at the rush of blood before each of them contained it. â€Å"The Cullens are all evened up in numbers now. Perhaps it will be our turn next, eh, Kate?† Tanya grinned. Kate’s sarcastic sense of humor kicked in. â€Å"Keep the dream alive,† she said, rolling her eyes. â€Å"Welcome, Bella.† Kate took Bella’s hand and Carmen stepped up to add hers. â€Å"I’m Carmen, this is Eleazar. We’re all so very pleased to finally meet you.† â€Å"M-me, too,† Bella stuttered. I thought she was holding up well considering she was meeting my â€Å"relatives† for the first time. â€Å"We’ll get to know each other later. We’ll have eons of time for that!† Tanya remarked, laughing. I enjoyed performing the rituals of the wedding celebration. Alice had ordered a gorgeous, artfully decorated cake, its beauty being the only aspect of it I could truly appreciate. I did not relish swallowing the chunky blob Bella pushed toward my face, but that could not be avoided with such an attentive audience. Flashbulbs popped, capturing the uncomfortable moment for all time. Bella tossed her bouquet to Angela, who blushed puce and carefully avoided the eyes of her escort, Ben, which are six inches lower than her own. When it came time to lift Bella’s skirt and remove her garter with my teeth, she blushed hotly while Jasper and Emmett guffawed at her embarrassment. I wasn’t allowed to venture too far up her dress, since she slid the garter below her knee before I got the chance. Still, it was a fun moment, biting the elastic band and dragging it slowly down her calf. After detaching it from her leg, I stretched the elastic into a slingshot, aiming for Mike Newton’s head. The garter snapped him in the forehead and his mouth dropped open.